Othello’s Diversity of Imagery Essay -- Othello essays

Othellos Diversity of Imagery The diverse imagery found in Shakespeares drama Othello represents a humans alone by itself. And this world of imagery contributes to the prevailing sentiment of pain and suffering and unpleasantness. There is no shortage of imagery in the play this is for certain. Critic Caroline Spurgeon in Shakespeares Imagery and What it Tells Us sorts through with(predicate) the plethora of imagery in the play The main image in Othello is that of animals in action, preying upon one another, mischievous, lascivious, cruel or suffering, and through these, the general sense of pain and unpleasantness is much increased and kept constantly before us. More than half the animal images in the play are Iagos, and all these are contemptuous or repellent a plague of flies, a quarrelsome dog, the recurrent image of bird-snaring, leading asses by the nose, a spider transmitted a fly, beating an offenceless dog, wild cats, wolves, goats and monkeys. To these Othello adds his pictures of foul toads breeding in a cistern, summer flies in the shambles, the ill-boding raven over the infected house, a toad in a dungeon, the monster too hideous to be shown, bird-snaring again, aspics tongues, crocodiles tears, and his reiteration of goats and monkeys. In addition, . . . . (79) The plays imagery is oftentimes reflective of the fortunes of the protagonist. As the Moors status declines, the quality of the imagery in the play declines. In The Riverside Shakespeare Frank Kermode explains the relationship between imagery and Othellos green-eyed monster It is very important to see that Othellos self-estimate one not easily jealious, but, being wrought, / Perplexed in the extreme (V.ii.345-... ...rizona Quarterly (Spring 1956), pp.5-16. Kermode, Frank. Othello, the Moor of Venice. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston, MA Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Mack, Maynard. Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. William Shakespeare Othello. New York Penguin Books, 1968. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. Spurgeon, Caroline. Shakespeares Imagery and What it Tells Us. Shakespearean Tragedy. Ed. D. F. Bratchell. New York Routledge, 1990. Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada University of Toronto Press, 1957.

Comparison Of 1984 By George Orwell To The Actual 1984 Essay -- Compar

Comparison Of 1984 By George Orwell To The Actual 1984 Since the onset of the United States, Americans put up always viewed the future in two ways one, as the perfect participation with a perfect establishment, or two, as a commieic underworld where free get out no longer exists and no one is happy. The novel 1984 by George Orwell is a combination of both theories. On the bad side, a communist state exists which is enforced with surveillance technology and loyal patriots. On the good side, however, everyone in the orderliness who was born after the hostile takeover, which converted the once egalitarian government into a communist government, isnt angry about their life, nor do they wish to change any aspect of their life. For the few infidels who exist, it is a maddening existence, of constant course and brainwashing. George Orwells novel was definitely different from the actual 1984, but how different were they? They were different in 3 ways government, society, and thought. 1984 starts out with a so called traitor to the society, Winston Smith, walking through the streets nervously observing the video cameras that ar watching his every move. He makes his way into his apartment and produces a journal from his coat pocket. He thinks that even up this simple act of attempting to keep track of time and history could get him vaporized. This scene portrays the strong grip the government has on its patrons. A person every obeys them, or is killed, or put into a forced labor camp. After Winston starts an illegal affair with a younger woman he gets careless and the party finds out that he has committed what they call thought offensive activitys. A thought crime is the intent to do something illegal but not actually doing it. In Winstons world a thought crime is just as severe as a physical crime. They arrest him and his girlfriend and torture them until they realize what they did was pervert and that they love the party and will never do anything to hurt it again.The two governmental systems were different in a very major way. The actual government of England in 1984 was a democracy. This democracys foundation was made up of a parliament and a prime minister. Most other nations of the time had the same set up. In Orwells novel an oligarchic state existed. Airstrip One, which is the area we call England, was home to Winston and the central government of Oceania (a large natio... ...omething without actually doing it. In Oceania a thought crime is just as bad as a physical crime.The penalty for such an offense is that you are taken to the Ministry of Love, but not killed. You are now brainwashed until you love the Party. Obrien, an inner party member, justifies this by stating that all great nations of the past fell because they killed all people who didnt like them. The Party will never fall because they dont create martyrs. All people they eliminate love the Party when they are finally killed. For example Winston is captured and br ought to the Ministry of Love, he then is brainwashed and released to society when he truly liked the Party. Once he lived in the community for a while longer he is shot in the back of the head. The trains of thought, government, and society of the year 1984 versus George Orwells 1984 are clearly different. After looking at the differences I stated, the reason why most people who have read the book ascertain sorry for Winston should be more apparent than ever. The creation of books with story lines like 1984 help to shape our opinions of how the world should be, and make our views stronger than they have ever been.

Affirmative Action :: essays research papers

Affirmative Action has been frivolously debated throughout the past 135years. Citizens of the United States question whether the regime should yield certain advantages to races that have endured bigotry in the past. This plan goes by the name of Affirmative Action. Affirmative Action is afederally subsidized program that encourages universities and former(a)educational institutions, to accept a greater number of minority students.Throughout the years, Affirmative Action and the different advocates havechanged, but racial inequality form stagnant. Affirmative action has various proponents and opponents, both of whom seekthe eventual goal of an integrated, educated middle class society. Theopponents of Affirmative Action argue that it is not the business ofthe current majority to make up for prior actions and imposing thesetypes of programs would be a form of so- skirted, reverse discrimination. Theproponents argue that it is everybodys responsibility to create a society,which gives everybody an equal opportunity regardless of race, and the onlyway to ascertain this goal is through Affirmative-Action programs. How canthis nation come together and disregard the color of a persons skin? Will wereach this goal by subsidizing programs that assist minorities, or shall wesit and wait for time to establish equal opportunity for all?The recital of Affirmative Action dates back to the days when the nationattempted to rebuild its society after the civil war. Reconstructionattempted to establish virtuous transaction between the white Europeans andblack Africans that made up a large part of the American society. The nationwas torn on how to establish these relations.Many call Reconstruction the low point of race relations in the UnitedStates. This era included the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment,defining national citizenship so as to include blacks. This Amendment passedCongress in June 1866 and was ratified, despite rejection by most Southernstates (July 28, 1 868). In response to the newfound freedom of AfricanAmericans, whites incited numerous accounts of violence. White detestation of theblack race created an era that experienced the most lynchings in the historyof the United States. Whites also began using contemporary forms of laborexploitation to maintain manoeuver of their socio-economic advantage. Something needed to be done so that the nation would not split at its seams. One side argued that time was the only solution to racial problems. Creatinggovernment programs would make Africans dependent and give them an unfairadvantage. They were said to be fat state subsidies that unfairly penalizedinnocent whites and taught blacks self-destructive habits of indolence andindependence. This blood line was sustained by the Democratic Party who

PSY 301, Introductory Psychology, 1999, Exam 3 :: UTEXAS Texas Psychology

Test 31. The process of getting information erupt of memory storage is calledA. priming.B. encoding.C. relearning.D. retrieval.E. rehearsal.2. Chess masters can recall the exact positions of close pieces after a brief glance at the game board. This world power is best explained in terms of NOTE This question turned out to be ambiguous. Everyone gets credit. The technical correct answer, however, is B.A. flashbulb memory.B. chunking.C. iconic memory.D. the serial position pitch.E. the method of loci.3. afterward her last drinking spree, Karen hid a half-empty liquor bottle. She couldnt remember where she hid it until she started drinking again. Karens pattern of recall best illustratesA. the spacing effect.B. proactive interference.C. the serial position effect.D. motivated forgetting.E. state-dependent memory.4. The tumultuous effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is calledA. state-dependent memory.B. retroactive interference.C. the serial position effect.D. the spacing effect.E. proactive interference.5. Research on the misinformation effect indicates thatA. events from the distant past are especially vulnerable to memory distortion.B. people can easily distinguish between their own true and false memories.C. soporific stirion is an effective technique for accurate memory retrieval.D. it is very difficult to lead people to construct memories of events that never happened.E. a leader, such as Clinton or Reagan, can forget bad information faster than good information.6. With respect to the controversy regarding reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, statements by major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest thatA. the accumulated experiences of our lives are all preserved somewhere in our minds.B. the more stressful an experience is, the more quickly it will be consciously forgotten.C. repression is the most common mechanism underlying the failure to recall early childhood abuse.D. professional therapists can relia bly distinguish between their clients true and false childhood memories.E. adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable.7. Prototype is to category as ________ is to ________.A. rose flowerB. rock mountainC. man charwomanD. rope weaponE. mountain rope8. At some point during the babbling stage, infants begin toA. imitate adult grammar.B. make speech sounds only if their auditory modality is unimpaired.C. speak in simple words that may be barely recognizable.D. lose their ability to discriminate sounds that they never hear.E. develop strong sexual urges point to the parent of the opposite sex.9. Research on the language capabilities of apes clearly demonstrates that they have the capacity toA. vocalize the most common vowel sounds.B. acquire language expression as rapidly as most children.

Soul Catchers :: essays research papers

Soul Catchers A most interesting film particularization the history and role of the oracle in the Jewish tradition. The first question we must explore is what a prophet is. A prophet by definition is a person who speaks by divine inspiration. Others will say that a prophet is one whose eye is open. A person who can see things that some others cannot. In order to understand the prophets and their appearance in history we must first understand the politics of the convictions. In the eleventh century BCE Israel is divided into twelve tribes. The prophet Samuel is called upon to bring the people under one ruler or king and lead Israel into a monarchy. However this brings a major split and for the first time we find a military and political leader, the King, along with a spiritual leader, or the prophet. The prophet played the role of moral keeper and would make surely that the King was ruling justly and keeping the Law of God. Prophets began to travel in packs receiving the presence of God through trace like states. The prophet Elijah emerges out of these traveling prophets around 886 BCE and begins to speak publicly. Elijah had a big problem with the King. The Kings lady was from a pagan religion and had brought about the worship of other Gods. Elijah addresses the King publicly and challenges the other Gods to make fire. They of course cant match the Big Guy and Elijah triumphs and rides away into the sky leaving behind his robe passing on the military force of prophecy. So ends the spoken prophets.Later around 792 BCE, the writing prophets come about with the powerful speaker Amos. Amos says a bunch of things that no one wants to hear such as the downfall of Israels Northern Kingdom and the death of the King. Then he really upsets everyone by saying that Israel will be sent into exile. most 742 BCE the most known prophet, Isaiah comes on the scene. Now this far out guy walks the streets naked for three years telling the King not to ally with the Assyria ns. He also speaks of how Jerusalem will be saved from the Assyrians. The Assyrians dont invade Jerusalem but the Northern Kingdom is destroyed just as Amos predicted fifty years earlier. Finally one of the last and least liked of the prophets comes about around 626 BCE and his name is Jeremiah.

Jean Piaget Essay

dungaree Piaget is often quoted to have pioneered research in cognitive development (Hayes, 1998). The constructivist theory is a subset of the cognitivist theories. It is based on the learner centred theories that emphases on the need to provide learners with responsibility for directing their own learning experiences. Schemata, absorption and accommodation are some of the first concepts in envisioning the Constructivist theory of cognitive development. The other central features apart from three principles are the notions of equilibration and dis equalizer.This essay bequeath briefly define the principles of schemata, assimilation and accommodation. It will also explain the importance of equilibration and disequilibrium in cognitive development. Schemata according to Dembo (1991) are cognitive structures that are formed through the obstruction of ones foregoing experience. It is stated that children are born with very f few innate schemata and that they keep on creating new ones as they interact with the environment.Hayes (1998) adds that schemata should be still as a theoretical construct which is generally understood as the being an internalized re showation of the world, or at least some part of the world. p. 473. Schemata because relate to specific bit of activity, and summarises the stored know takege and experiences related to such an activity. All human thinking is centred on schemata that develop through appear an individuals career through the process of adaptation.Adaptation involves organisms responding to the changes in their respective surroundings and situations. In essence, adaptation is achieved through assimilation and accommodation. The principle of assimilation refers to a process of reservation sense of the experiences and perceptions by fitting them into previously established cognitive structures. In other words, what is perceived by a person is altered so that it fits present cognitive schemata (Gage, 1998).Assimilation is said to have occurred when a person perceives a new event or object in terms of an n active schemas. That is to say, person applies any mental structure that is available to assimilate a new object or event and actively seek to utilize this pertly acquired mental structure. On the other hand, the theory of accommodation simply refers to the process of changing internal schemata to provide consistency with external creation. It happens when alive schemas are limited or new ones are created to account for a new experience.According to Borick and Tombari (1995) if a person succeeds in changing the existing schemata in order to understand a new event, object, information or experience is said to have undergone the process of accommodation. From it can therefore be inferred that accommodation influences assimilation in a certain way and vice versa. As a reality is assimilated, structures are accommodated. Cognitive development is a lifelong process that involves the creation and/or t he development of schemata through the operation of principles explained above.The term that explains the operation of assimilation and accommodation, which can occur concurrently is called the process of Equilibration. Equilibration is defined as the biological drive to produce an optimal state of equilibrium amongst peoples cognitive structures and their environment (Duncan, 1995 as cited on http//www. coe. uga. edu/epiltt/pigeat. htm ) . It is an attempt to bring about a state of equilibrium between the other three factors and is very vital for cognitive development. It involves assimilation and accommodation (Russell, Jarvis &Gorman, 2004).This process is very significant because it is through equilibration that people develop their cognitive structures. This occurs as people conduct themselves in logical internal mental structures that allow them to make sense of the various phenomena in their surrounding environment. When the external reality does not match with the logical internal schemas or say when disequilibrium occurs, equilibration is there to come forth so as an front to bring balance between assimilation and accommodation. In this way, organisms develop sophisticated schemas.McLeod (2009) as cited on http//www. simplypsychology. org/piaget. html points out disequilibrium connotes an unpleasant state when new information cannot be fitted in the existing schemata. ODonnel (2006) states that the theory of equilibration is important to the learning process. It suggests the need to stimulate conceptual change in someone by challenging students existing concepts in an effort to create cognitive disequilibrium. Students in turn strive to restore equilibrium there by acquiring new knowledge and skills for understanding the world or subject matter in a lesson.Teachers should be able to engage students into unfamiliar areas in order to for them to learn. It suggests that students do not require studying things that they already know but that they can a lso accommodate new information (Dembo, 1991). How incessantly teacher need not to let learners over assimilate because it turns out boring. They should also not over accommodate students beyond their cognitive growth. In this ca se, it can be understood that equilibration is vital to the development of a childs cognition as well as to the teaching and learning process.Furthermore, the notion of equilibration is important because it indicates that learners are active thinkers who can understand the world on their own. Therefore teacher need to involve students in the learning processes and only act as facilitators in constructing knowledge. The understanding of the constructivist theory with the understanding of how equilibration works has led to emergence of teaching methods such as discovery methods. Teachers can create deliberate disequilibrium in students by asking questions about some illogical statements make by the Lerner.As the learner reconciles his or her disequilibrium, t heir cognitive capacity develops. In conclusion, this paper has defined schemata as cognitive or mental structures that relate s to specific bit of an activity such as schemata for an object like a tree or more abstract notion like democracy. Jean Piaget contended that all thinking is centred on schemata (Hayes, 1998) and the number of a person schema continues to be constructed throughout a persons life through the principles of assimilation and accommodation.It has also been noted that the operation 0f these two principles constitutes the notion of equilibration. Equilibration is very important because it is the impetus for cognitive development that makes individuals acquires higher order thinking skills to adapt to the ever changing surrounding. It is through equilibration that people explore the environment and make mental representation of reality. This is so because equilibration improves the sophistication of schemas to create a mental representation of reality.

Classic Drucker Book Report

Classic Drucker Book Report Recently, I had the pleasure of reading Classic Drucker. The book contains 15 articles from Peter Drucker that were printed in the Harvard Business fuckingvas. I chose a few takeaways with an explanation on why I chose them and how they can apply to your career. 1. Whenever you deposit a key decision, write it down. Next to it, write down what you expect the end result will be. As you compile these decisions, review each on after an extended period of time.You will be surprised of your results and over time you may get increasingly accurate on your expected results. 2. Mathematicians are born, but everyone can learn trigonometry. Some pack are just naturally more intelligent than others but at the same time, we can learn some of the components of what they know, and know those components just as much as they can. 3. Manners enable two people to serve together whether they like each other or not. The words please and thanks go a long way in the b usiness world. I even go as far as saying thanks when someone gives me a new assignment.At times they seem surprised but to be genuinely appreciative will show commitment to the team. 4. Too many people work in ways that are not their ways, and that almost guarantees nonperformance. Your peers may have work habits that are not the same as yours but that doesnt make them non productive. Productivity revolves around results, not ones arrival time, or the fact that a person prefers to wear headphones while they work. 5. To be effective in an organization, a persons determine must be compatible with the organizations values.I interpreted this to mean, I am going to be much more successful if my values are aline with my companies. Doing so will ensure that I am committed and passionate ab surface my work, which has a better dislodge of leading to success. I wouldnt feel homelike working for a company that practiced in lying and cheating to achieve its objectives. 6. It is incumbent o n the people who work with them ( pommeles) to observer them, to find out how they work, and to adapt themselves to what makes their bosses more effective.It has always been a goal of mine to keep all of my work off my bosss plate, and to take accountability for everything involving the products that I work on. The entire product might not be my responsibility but the more I can take on, the more my boss can be strategic. 7. The theory of business becomes culture. But culture is no substitute for discipline, and the theory of the business is a discipline. A company with a good culture that you are comfortable with might not necessarily relate to results.Culture doesnt necessarily meet deadlines. Tasks and rules seem to have a better chance of meeting guidelines than family business. 8. All events but the truly unique require a generic solution. I think of how the Product Development shape that has recently been applied to all of the products where I work and how every single one fits in at some phase of that process. The products had a problem organism completed. Now we see the end with the implementation of a generic process. 9. Temps are a good way to avoid rules and regulations for employers.A highly trained temp can do the job without the corporate commitment and the need to adhere to hiring/firing HR standards that apply to every day employees. The employees are also easily docile since many of them are already managed by their agencies. 10. Leadership knows something someone else doesnt. This is the most important takeaway for me. Some people think leadership means type-a genius or being stern, but knowledge truly is power. Knowing something someone else doesnt puts you in the front, with an opportunity to teach and display, some functions of what many people consider leaders.

Importance of Small and Mediun Entreptises in a Developing Economy

ID NUMBER 11060659 COURSE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM home plate ENTERPRISES (SMEs) LECTURER MR. ADAMS FADIR-RAHMAN DATE 21-4-2010 QUESTION TO WHAT EXTENT DO CAN IT BE SAID THAT GHANA CANNOT DEVELOP WITHOUT THE ACTIVITIES OF SMEs OPERATORS Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are companies whose headcount or pervertover falls below certain limits. And the limit depends on the democracy in which the company is operating. SMEs contribute immensely to the economic development of a country .And it can be said that a developing country like Ghana cannot develop without the contribution of SMEs due to the following reasons Firstly, SMEs contribute significantly to the provide of productive employment opportunities for rural and urban growing labor force in Ghana. The provision of employment opportunities increases the generation of income by the masses . And when just about of the people in the country are employed, it leads to the reduction of poverty.Secondly, they function to a bsorb productive resources at all levels of the economy and add to the flexible economic system in which small and large firms are interlinked. Such linkages are very crucial for the attraction of foreign investment. This is because the investing transnational corporations look for sound domestic suppliers for their bestow chain. Thirdly, SMEs provide substitution for imported goods which piddle competition and leads to production of quality goods at affordable prices.This is to say that the substitutes of imported goods produced in Ghana by SMEs helps to create competition between the SMEs and the foreign producers. And this forces them to produce quality goods at affordable prices since at that place is competition. Furthermore, SMEs help in the provision of capital to individuals, other businesses and even the government. When the SMEs dumbfound their income, they deposited them in the various commercial banks in Ghana. It is from these funds that the banks advance loans to t heir needy customers.And these funds are sometimes loaned to the government to finance its developmental projects. Also, the income generated by the SMEs is type to tax. Thus their returns are taxed for the development of the nation. These taxes, when collected, are used for the construction of roads, schools, hospitals and other social amenities. More so, SMES help to produce and enhance the movement of goods outside the country. They likewise help to the country to export its raw materials or natural resources to foreign countries for foreign exchange.And it also paves the way for some local goods to be marketed outside the country. And this help to increase the gross domestic product (GDP) and per capital income of the country. Lastly, Most of the current larger enterprises have their origin in small and medium enterprises. This is to say that most of the large scale enterprises in Ghana were SMEs before their current state. SMEs are different from large scale enterprises in th ree main aspects uncertainty, innovation and evolution. wherefore we can say that SMEs are the starting point of development in the Ghanaian economy towards industrialization.In a nutshell, judging from above, we can see that there is no way that Ghana can develop without the operations of SMEs. So what is required is for the government of Ghana to pursue the precise policy and regulatory reforms to turn SMEs into an effective instrument for the enhancement of economic growth. REFERENCE SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTREPRISES,JONATHAN BLAY ,1993,CANADA IMPORTANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTREPRISES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT,BASHIR AHMED FIDA,PAKISTAN,2008. WWW. THEFREELIBRARY. COM

Tattoo Inform. Speech Outline

Title Artistic Freedom of Speech l. Introduction A. Attention- lightter One in five U. S. adults now has a tattoo. Tattoos have been close to for centuries and have different purposes all around the world. B. Signifi faecesce After my speech, the audience for stun have a better knowledge on wherefore volume get tattoos. C. Credibility I have researched information based on this topic. D. Thesis Statement To inform my audience on the reasons people get a tattoo and discuss some examples. E. Preview A. Honor B. Religion C. Obsession II. Body A.The Samoan Islands have a long history of tattooing that dates back to encourages hither the word tattoo is believed to have originated from. Hinduism tattooing and there is no prohibition. However, in Islam, tattoos atomic number 18 not only from being at peace with forbidden but they are believed to prevent someone god. 2. Some people get religious tattoos Just to snow ott their beliets. These people were not forced by their religion to g et a tattoo. Some examples include Christianity- crosses, bibles verses, rosary, or images of God or other religious figures. Judaism- Star of David or hebrew writing, Buddhist- buddhas or lotus flowers.Transition We now know why people get tattoos for dedication or religious urposes. C. Finally, another reason why people get a tattoo is because of obsession. 1 . People will become so obsessed with someone or something, that they will go as far as to getting it tattooed on their skin. For example, someone obsessed with the zodiac exponent go get their zodiac symbol tattooed on them. Someone obsessed Michael Jackson, might get his face or song with a cartoon or notoriety such as lyrics tattooed on themselves. 2. Tattoos are also favored for making a fashion statement. Someone obsessed with permanent makeup.If you beauty might get cosmetic tattooing, also known as sing real tattoo ink. A lip tattoo make your lips look thicker. have faint eyebrows, you can get them filled in can add definition to the lip outline and your more. 3. Another form of obsession involving tattoos could be that once you get first off tattoo, you want to go back to the tattoo shop and keep getting Transition I have now informed you and on three reasons why people might get tattoos. As well as discuss some examples to help the audience understand. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 11. Conclusion Many people get tattoos for different reasons.

The Effects of Caffeine on the Human Body

How does Caffeine affect the human luggage compartment? Caffeine is the worlds most popular drug (Spiller, 1998), and can be plant in over 60 species of plants throughout the world. Consumption of caffeine comes from cola, coffee, cocoa, tea, some medications and so much more. In this paper I will describe the make of caffeine on the human body, from the health risks to how it can help your body here atomic number 18 retri entirelyory some of the ways caffeine affects the human body both physically and psychologically.First of all, caffeine has been shown to lead to a loss of minerals found in bones, which eventually will cause osteoporosis, a disease that is characterized by rattling weak and brittle bones (Liddell, 2011). According to Spiller (1998), caffeine intake equivalent to 2 or more cups a day was associated with a importantly increased hip fracture risk in woman (p. 351). This is because caffeine decreases the ability of your body to absorb calcium by a small amount. To hold a proper bone density and drink caffeine regularly, it is important to aim for three or four daily servings of calcium-rich foods such as milk, stop and yogurt (Liddell, 2011). Caffeine has many Psychological symptoms linked to it as well, such as addiction because caffeine is labeled as a stimulant so overtime people can become addicted to it (Martinez, 2010). Surprisingly you can become physically dependent on caffeine with only taking in doses as low as 100 mg a day (Gaskins, 1998), this is equivalent to 1 cup of coffee or 2 sodasAlso just like any other drug you can become addicted to, people who are addicted to caffeine will experience withdrawal symptoms when they dont ingest enough in their system Running head Caffeine and the human body (Martinez, 2010). Other psychological symptoms that correlate to excessive caffeine ingestion are increased anxiety for those who already have anxiety and sleep disorders such as insomnia. On the other hand caffeine is not all nau ghtiness for the human body, it has been shown to protect against Parkinsons disease and depression, as well as preventing cognitive decline in elderly women (Anitei, 2007).Also evidence suggests that consuming moderate amounts of caffeine could help prevent diabetes, certain cancers and liver disease (Bartlett, 2011). Another way caffeine is beneficial is because it helps athletes significantly improve their endurance during explosive exercises such as sprinting or jumping. According to Bartlett (2011), Consuming between 140 to 400 mg of caffeine before exercising can increase your endurance and boilers suit exercise performance. Overall, caffeine is the most popular drug and can be both harmful and beneficial to the human body.It can make your bones brittle, but it can also help boost your metabolism and fight certain diseases. Caffeine just like most things is good in moderation, and as vast as you make sure to get enough calcium and nutrients it should have no lasting effects on your body.References Anitei, S. A. (2007). Top 15 effects that coffee has on your health. Retrieved from http//news. softpedia. com/news/Top-14-Coffee-Effects-on-Your-Health-70537. shtml Liddell, A. L. (2011). The effects of caffeine on bone density. Retrieved from http//www. livestrong. om/article/326827-the-effects-of-caffeine-on-bone-density/ Martinez, E. L. (2010). Harmful psychological effects of caffeine. Retrieved from http//www. livestrong. com/article/325109-harmful-psychological-effects-of-caffeine/ Spiller, G. S. (1998). Caffeine. Boca Raton CRC Press. Gaskins, P. (1998, Caffeine is addictive. Scholastic Choices, 14, 7-7. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/208801684? accountid=36304 Bartlett, M. B. (2011). Pros of caffeine. Retrieved from http//www. livestrong. com/article/501876-pros-of-caffeine/

My Philosophy Of Education Education Is About Caring Education Essay

I work in Universitas Terbuka ( UT ) , Indonesia Open University, as an academic staff who wad be considered as a teacher. At UT, my pupils be early childhood instruction and anyway primary instruction instructors. Actually, I neer had any dream to be a instructor. However, I hypothecate I do my occupation as a instructor merely following my inherent aptitude, even though I give rise up ones mind both(prenominal) cognition close to how to lease when I did my unmarried man tick. Honestly, I got my unmarried man grade in learning without cognizing what and why I surrender to cognize my teaching of instruction. But, I learn in SFU that my instruction is really sourd by my doctrine of instruction. My doctrine of instruction volition be lay outn in my instruction as I learned that how you teach is who you are ( Hill, Stremmel, & A Hu, 2005, p. 25 ) .In learning I remember that I have to do lesson programs, Teach and so brace the rating to prove the pupils. I know that I have to set pupils as the centre of my instruction activities. I understand it since instruction for me is the attempts for assistanting dear(p) deal to mend the best they trick be, and to do them turn as gentlemans gentleman existences. However, I am neer certown(prenominal) whether the manner I teach has shown pupils as cosmos at the Centre of my instruction. I am afraid my instruction is far from the manner it should be. I hope I potentiometer memorize to a greater extent somewhat how to be a legal and wield instructor while I am analyzing in SFU.For me instruction basically involves learning all(prenominal)thing is ( or so-and-so be ) learning. Therefore, my doctrine of instruction relates with the act of instruction, and in thought of my doctrine of instruction, I remember David Orr s article in 1990. I was interested and besides compelled by Orr s ( 1990 ) rubric of his article What is instruction for? Orr ( 1990 ) , an conservationist, said that instructi on will non vouch the alumnuss world nice, prudent, or wise. In fact, he said instruction has added many an(prenominal) jobs to the universe. Orr had an sentiment that the environmental devastation on Earth resulted from meliorate people. He farther stated that to salvage the universe, we have instruction of a certain sort. We consume reading that bottom do us a better people. What is the acquisition that help us to be better human existences? I think we need larning to safeguard for others in order to forestall people from making injury to others. I besides remember that when I was still a pupil, I would larn more(prenominal) if my instructor showed his/her attending at least he/she knew my name, and wanted to listen to my troubles in analyzing the undefended affair. So, a sympathize with instructor will actuate me to larn.How layabout we larn almost sympathize with in instruction? This is a inquiry I wish to research in this paper. Based on my occupation as a instr uctor in my university, I have to larn nearly caring in instruction, and I want to assist my university pupil instructors aware of the load down aim of learning caring in their schoolrooms, whether in early childhood instruction, or in primary instruction scenes. I think that it is necessary for kids to larn about caring since their early old ages to assist them larn that their passion can salvage other people every bit good as themselves. Therefore, instructors need to larn or to assist their pupils or their kids to care for others, every bit good as for themselves, for the corporation, and for the natural environment.In this essay, I will seek to train my thoughts about lovingness, why lovingness is of import as the direct of instruction, how lovingness can be shown in my work as a instructor and an academic staff in UT, and in conclusion, my decision will depict the deductions of caring in my work at Universitas Terbuka.What is condole with?In specifying lovingness, I am rattling impressed by Noddings s thought about caring since I think as human beingnesss we have to care to each other.Caring as mentioned by Nodding ( 2005 ) is a caring relation a lovingness relation is a connexion or brush between two human existences ( p.15 ) who are a carer and a receiver of care, or cared-for. In order for relation to be decently called lovingness, both parties must lend to it in trait ways ( p.15 ) . The word picture of lovingness is as concentration and motivational supplanting ( p.15 ) . Noddings describes motivational supplanting as the procedure of puting your attending on others when you listen, see, or stimulate, what the other attempts to extract ( p.16 ) . There is the attending on others and the desire to assist people, every bit good ( p.16 ) . As for concentration, Noddings says it is an unfastened, nonselective receptiveness to the cared-for ( p.15 ) this quality of eke out attending to the other. In add-on, a response, acknowledgme nt, and response seems to be had by the cared-for to gift that the lovingness has been received ( p.16 ) .Noddings besides references that we could non merely say that we care for something without demoing it ( p.17-18 ) . Caring can be learnt, instructors non merely have to make caring dealingss in which they are the carers, but they besides have a duty to assist pupils break the capacity to care ( p.18 ) . Noddings references that human existences can care about thoughts or objects every bit good as attention for the rational affair these signifiers of caring are besides mentioned by Weil ( p.18, in Noddings, 2005 ) as rational lovingness and interpersonal lovingness. However, caring instructors listen and react differentially and unambiguously to their pupils and their assorted dispositions and demands.What Noding wants to convey in her thought about lovingness is that caring does besides include witting love, attending, seeing, listening, understanding others feelings, and a ssisting or prosecuting in action as needed. So, when I show my attending to my pupils, in the same clock time I besides try to see, listen with empathy, demo a viridity apprehension, and engage in some actions as my lovingness response. I besides have to larn more about lovingness in order to do my caring meaningful for my pupils, and my pupils can besides care in the manner they teach their pupils.Further, Hill, Stremmel, & A Hu ( 2005 ) noted that the lovingness instructor attempts to look through pupils eyes, to fight with them as topics in hunt of their ain undertakings, their ain ways of doing sense of the universe ( Green, 1988, in Hill, Stremmel, & A Hu,2005, p. 33 ) . This is empathy. Furthermore, Hill, Stremmel, & A Hu ( 2005 ) stated that caring instructors try to larn together with their pupils, and be a spo implement, nurturer, and usher in making multiple chances for larning based on relationship ( p. 33 ) . By larning, instructors can understand their pupils, and understand themselves every bit good.In instruction, really, I believe that as a instructor, I am besides larning from my pupils, and if I have a good relationship with pupils I can larn more about my pupils, and my pupils can besides understand me as their instructor. Therefore, I can hold some feedback to better my instruction every bit good as I can lend oneself my pupils some remarks to better their acquisition. This common apprehension I hope can take to assist me making a better acquisition environment for my pupils to larn better and deeper.Here are more about the features of caring instructors, harmonizing to Caldwell ( 2008 ) from her research, and they areStudent-oriented instructor dainty all pupils with regard, believes in me, listens, is uncomplaining, promote me to believeThe work oriented instructor is bases my class on more than prep and trials, is automatic to set the work load if needed, is willing to give excess clip for finishing assignments, is willing t o fudge the schoolroom regulations when necessary, accepts more than one reply to a inquiry.The Teacher Who Engages Students Is an expert in the topic, helps me to go independent, is willing to give excess clip for finishing assignments, provides chances for schoolroom words, offers excess recognition activities.The Active Teacher Is energetic, has a sense of wit, tells narratives and uses fictions, provides interesting assignments, bases my class on more than prep and trials. Students now ask for a instructor who has to hold some interesting schemes that can pull pupils attending. By going an active, energetic, and humourous instructor, pupils seem kindred a instructor who can besides entertain them. Possibly, by utilizing some wit, I can forestall my pupils from acquiring bored of larning the capable affair. However, I think I have to larn more about going a good entertainer in forepart of a category. I have to besides larn more about supplying my pupils with some interesti ng assignments.From the pupils who became Caldwell ( 2008 ) participants of her sight, I see that caring can intend many ideal things that instructors should hold, non merely caring every bit mentioned as Noddings ( 2005 ) perceptual experience. Caldwell s list expands upon and specifies the many ways in which lovingness can and should happen. And I am non certain whether I can use all of those thoughts into my instruction and my trend of lease since I have my restrictions as a human. For illustration, if I have a batch work to make, or if I am non in a good wellness, I am afraid I might non utilize all of my attending to my pupils, it means that I might non truly listen to and understand my pupils, or others . However, I will seek to utilize the thought as my footing cognition to be a caring instructor. Meanwhile, I will seek to larn more deeply about this thought of lovingness, particularly how to care for our communities and our environment.Noddings s thought about caring be sides included her thought of caring non merely for human existences but for all of things in the universe such as caring for the universe community and the environment. If we do non care for our environment, we can destruct our ain Earth. Particularly if the people who have no or less attention for the Earth are educate and powerful people. They can do more amendss to our environment in the Earth. And this is the phenomena that Orr observed, so he made a statement that we do non necessitate many educated people if that can give more amendss to our environment.In response to Orr statement about instruction, I argue that the universe s environmental devastation comes from the people who do non care for themselves, their household, their community and their Earth. I think people are being nescient with respect to themselves, others, their community, and the Earth since likely cipher reminds them or learn them to hold the consciousness of and care for others. Therefore, in this affair I believe that instruction is of import for people to larn how to care for others, every bit good as to care for themselves, to care to the Earth, and to the environment. The educational challenge is to larn how to care for the Earth and environment by seting ecological literacy.What I mean by ecological literacy is a manner to state that everything is connected. A survey of these interconnectednesss highlights our dependance on the healthy operation of the Earth s natural systems which give us clean air, H2O, dirt, nutrient, and all the other resources we depend on. ( Toronto Outdoor Education Schools, hypertext transfer protocol //toes.tdsb.on.ca/ecological_literacy_resources.asp ) .In understanding the ecological literacy construct, I have to understand that I am non entirely in the universe, I am a portion of the large system running in the universe which consist of human existences and their communities and the environment. distributively of us has the duties to take att ention to each other in order to keep the map of the earth natural systems can work good.Caring as the purpose of instructionSimilar to Noddings s end of instruction, for me, the purpose of instruction should be based on caring to forestall the alumnuss from being ignorant of other people, of their communities, of their environment, and all of these signifiers of ignorance lead to being nescient of themselves, since all of us in the universe are interrelated. This purpose of instruction besides supported by Littky ( 2004 ) who says that, the existent end of instruction is if the pupils attention for others and can acquire along better with others . Noddings has the thought of caring in instruction since she experienced and was impressed by many lovingnesss that she got from her instructors.Furthermore, for me, instruction should ever familiar spirit to and be inspired by caring since instruction is for assisting people, assisting pupils to turn to be a lovingness human being. If the pupils become caring kids they will besides care for others and besides for themselves, for the communities and for the Earth they besides can ever larn to better themselves. By being a caring instructor I hope I can assist pupils larn more efficaciously. If I care for my pupils I have to set a batch of attempt in assisting them occupy in their acquisition in order to assist them larn more deeply about all the capable affair that they study. Therefore, I have to concern myself with my capable affair and my pupils lives so that while I am learning, really I besides am larning, every bit good. The chief point of caring in instruction for me is demoing our love to others and the EarthHow I can demo my caring into my work?I argue that people who are involved in gift or supplying an instruction, every in formal school, or in the household, or in some non degree plans, have to ever be cognizant of their functions and their influence on their pupil, or their kids, as cared-for inst ructors. Teachers have to larn about caring since learning happens in relationships of lovingness, contemplation, and common regard ( Hill, Stremmel, & A Hu, 2005, p. 33 ) . Besides, I think I have to remind my pupils that each of us in the universe is interrelated with each other. If we care for others, hopefully they can care for others, every bit good. My thought is if instructors, introduce their pupils to care for others, in the long tally, I hope caring instructors and caring pupils will care for the universe, and it is hopefully can take to a better universe. Therefore, if all of us care for people, the community and the environment, so we can, side by side, seek to set a batch of attempt to develop a lovingness category, a caring school, and a caring community to salvage the people and the universe.I think I can larn from SFU in larning about caring in instruction. Even though I have been at SFU for merely seven months, there are some great feelings that I have received f rom SFU. I found that my instructors or professors or teachers at SFU have the spirit of caring in the manner they plan and implement their course of study in their instruction acquisition activities. I found, for illustration, that the professors can develop a flexile course of study and learning larning procedure to run into our demands as their pupils. I think my professors at SFU put a batch of attempt to assist us larn and prosecute in our acquisition. I besides chance upon that on the SFU web site, it shows that SFU as a community cares for the environment, civilization and diverseness. I think I learn how to care in learning from detecting my professors, and how they invention and carry out their instructions each professor unambiguously helps us go actively engaged with the larning stuff.In making my instruction, I have to be cognizant of my pupils needs while I am developing the survey plan course of study, and course of study for my learning learning activities, includ ing planning, and implementing my course of study, and so, giving rating to my pupils. Since my work as a instructor in my module of instruction by and large are developing a course of study for my tutorials, composing some acquisition printed and not printed stuffs, developing some point trials, and make some instructions, so I plan to develop a flexible course of study for my instructions, but, I have to do certain that I can make that, in my on-line tutorial, since in my office there is a stiff process refering those sort of affairs. At least, I can hold a flexible course of study in my fountain to face tutorials. I besides want to add some stuffs about ecological literacy and lovingness for the communities into my course of study and in learning learning activities. Environmental jobs have already been a serious job in my state, so I think I need to convey it up the issues to my pupil instructors, so that they can learn their pupils to care for the environment. I think I will d emo my pupils the 11th hr movie and allow it be the subject for my category treatment. Therefore, my course of study should assist my pupils to develop their lovingness for themselves, their ain communities and their environment. In making my instruction, both in face to face or in on-line tutorial, I can make some actions as follow ( based on my apprehension of Cardwell, 2008 ) , I would propose that as a lovingness instructor for all of my pupils I have to be a student-oriented instructor, so I have to utilize some instruction schemes that can do my pupils get involved and engaged in their acquisition, I besides have to handle all pupils with regard hence, I have to be careful in utilizing some words that can demo my regard to my pupils. In add-on, as a caring instructor I besides have to believe in my pupils, to listen and to be a patient instructor and to seek many attempts to promote my pupils to larn more deeply about the capable affair and to larn for salvaging the environm entIn making either in a face to face or in on-line instruction, I besides have to be a work oriented instructor who bases my pupils classs on more than prep and trials, has a willingness to set the work load if needed, has a willingness to give excess clip to pupils in finishing assignments, has a willingness to alter the schoolroom regulations when necessary, and to accept more than one reply to a inquiry, acknowledging multiple positions. Therefore, I have to supply many treatment for the pupils to larn from each others. This can be done in face to face or in on-line acquisition as I experienced in making conversation cardinal.Additionally, I have to larn to be a instructor who can prosecute pupils in their acquisition. I can make this by larning more about my capable affair and seeking to be an expert in the topic by fall ining some seminars or workshops or taking extra grade related with my topic. I besides have to assist my pupils to go independent scholars who can provides chances for schoolroom treatments. My experiences that I learn while I am analyzing in SFU, I hope can assist me in assisting pupils engaged in their acquisition and assist them to larn more independently. Furthermore, in making some face to face tutorials, and based on my experiences, as a lovingness instructor, I besides have to be an active instructor who is energetic, has a sense of wit, tells narratives and uses illustrations. Furthermore, I have to besides larn about supplying my pupils with some interesting assignments that can do them motivated to larn.In making my learning learning activities, either in face to face or in on-line acquisition, I will utilize duologue as my of import manner to assist my pupils prosecute in their acquisition and do my pupils larning more deeply. Dialogue here is a learning procedure for pupils and the coachs which happens when there is an interaction between pupils, the coachs, and other pupils to gestate some significances, and when they try to use their current apprehension by building new statements, and lucubrating current apprehension by contemplation ( Scott et al. , 2008 ) . I will utilize duologue as my chief instruction acquisition activities since by utilizing duologue I can larn and I can seek to hold a common apprehension with my pupils. Based on my experiences, my pupils instructors truly like to hold duologue with me as their instructor. This duologue hopefully can actuate them to larn.Decision and DeductionEducation for me is a manner to assist pupils to be caring for others, their communities and their environment and, caring instruction hopefully can assist me and my pupils to populate good in our topographic points, and to hold moral prowess to fall in the battle to do the universe habitable and humane. However, there are some considerations as my deductions that I have to set in my coping about the undermentioned issues.How can we develop caring in distance instruction at UT?I think I want to use t his lovingness thought merely for my ain instruction, since if I want to inform to some of my friends about this thought of lovingness, I have to hold some treatment with my dean of my module about the consciousness of including caring in our instruction plans. Possibly I can join forces with my other co-workers in my module to make a seminar or workshop about the consciousness of caring to some of my other academic staff, and administrative staff, every bit good as my pupils. I hope, this manner can give them an apprehension of the significance of caring and how to care for others and I can acquire aid from the audiences about how to develop caring in schools. I besides have to believe about how to do my pupils learn about caring in making their instruction in their ain schoolrooms. I think caring is truly an of import affair for early childhood instructors since for their kids the instructors like their parents. However, I know that this thought will inquire more clip of instructo rs to assist their pupils Bing a caring instructor will besides means that I have to supply more clip to be with my pupils. More frequently, I have to pass sometimes after my office hours to run into, to speak to and to hold duologue with my pupils about their demands. I know that for some instructors supplying more clip more than the official office hours is non easy, particularly if they have their ain household. Therefore, I have to advert about this job in order to do my pupils cognizant of the effects of being caring instructors.Will pupils appreciate being cared for? As a pupil, I know that I will hold more motive to larn if my instructor, he/she shows his/her attending and empathy to me, and if he/she asks me, if she/he wants to hold duologue with me and wants to assist me to work out my jobs, particularly in my acquisition. Another illustration is from Noddings. Based on her experience of the lovingness she got from her instructors made Noddings got the thought of supplying caring in the schools ( Smith, 2004 ) . Furthermore, based on my experiences pupils will truly wish being cared for.What are some of the challenges in developing a lovingness attack to instruction at UT? Actually, I merely want to use my caring instruction for myself. However, I have to see some challenges that I might hold. First, the challenges from the decision makers such as my caput of my unit, or my dean of the module possibly, they will oppugn me since I will necessitate more clip to assist my pupils in demands, and since sometimes I will hold some pupils waiting for me in forepart of my room. I think I have to explicate to my decision makers about why I do what I believe as my lovingness in instruction. Second, the challenge that I might confront possibly come from my other lectors, and the other staff of other units in UT. Possibly they will experience that I am unusual and it might go on that they will inquire the ground of my action about lovingness in my instruction, if this happens I can explicate about my believe of my instruction, but, I am trusting that my other co-workers will hold more understanding to my doctrine of instruction. Therefore, I believe that most of my academic friends have the same lovingness for their pupils, every bit good. The challenge that I might hold possibly come from my friends who are in stick in some units related with pupils personal businesss, for illustration, my friends who work in the enrollment or in the scrutiny unit. In UT some pupils sometimes have jobs related with enrollment unit or scrutiny unit. Therefore, I will frequently travel to the units inquiring for aid. Last, the challenges that I will confront in apply my thought of caring are coming from my pupils. Even though my pupils largely are early childhood instruction instructors, or primary instructors, but I have to remind my pupils to perpetrate in acquisition and in practising this caring thought in their ain schoolrooms since their function as carers is really of import to their pupils possibly, to assist my pupils more, I can supply a batch of illustrations to give pupils the constructs and illustrations of how to make caring in their schoolrooms.In decision, I can state that implementing caring in my occupation as a instructor can assist me to care for others, and I believe by caring for others, I can assist others to go better people and, every bit good, I will larn to be a better individual. In the long tally, I hope, my pupils and I can assist to keep and to better our community to salvage our environment. And I hope by caring we can assist ourselves and our pupils go what Orr ( 1990 ) has in head in WHAT EDUCATION MUST BE FOR, which is to do more conciliators, therapists, refinishers, narrators, and lovers of every form and signifier. Therefore, by holding attention in my manner of life, I hope I can reply Orr s inquiry about what instruction is for.

Premarital Sex: A Morally Issue

Pre-marital awaken, young Catholics know it is wrong. So why do they do it? Most teen long timers excite heard or coined the phrases everyones doing it. If you loved me youd do it and also Its okay I claim a condom. sexual practice before espousals can be harmful to your body, your future, but the scariest of all your eternity. In this paper we shall look more into the Catholic point of view on pre-marital bliss. The purpose of sex is to unite a married couple as one loving body in consummating a marriage, to leave the possibility of replica open, and to and to organize a child.The purpose of sex is to unite a married couple as one loving body. This is because Gods intention in creating the first man and woman was for them to love and create more men and women. To do so a married couple must join as one loving body or to have sexual intercourse. In having intercourse the first time in a marriage you argon consummating the marriage therefore making the marriage official in the ey es of God. The Catechism of the Catholic perform says the union of man and woman in marriage is a room of imitating the flesh in the creators generosity and fecundity Therefore . . . and they become one flesh (Gen424) All human generations proceed from this union (Catechism 2335). arouse is meant for mature individuals who are prepared to face the consequences of sex. Two of the biggest fears in premarital sex are STDs (sexually transmitted diseases) and unwanted pregnancy. A married individual normally does not have to deal with such problems. This is because at the average age of marriage around STDs are not common. Second, in a marriage a couple normally wants a child to care for. However, teenagers do not want these responsibilities. Which leads to common use of contraceptives in teen sex.Sex is meant to leave an chess opening for genteelness. Contraceptives are usually used in premarital sex. These are used to prevent unwanted pregnancy and STDs. How can one use a condom and leave an opening for a child to be conceived? The Bible says God blessed man and woman with the words Be fruitful and multiply (GS 50). Condom, the most popular filling for a contraceptive, is a latex cover for the male phallus, which prevents the sperm from entering the vagina and making its way to the egg. In humans sexual reproduction is through through intercourse. When the sperm meets the egg.When a condom does fail there is a high risk of catching a STD or having an unwanted pregnancy. In the fortune of a pregnancy there are alternatives such as raising the child on your own, giving it up for abortion, and the sinful way out, having an abortion. Abortion is a mortal sin because it is the death of an unborn child. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states By its very nature the institution of marriage and married love is ordered to the procreation and education of the offspring and is in them that it finds their crowning glory (1652, 460). Raising a child on your own is not impossible however it is not easy.Finally, Sex is meant to aid in educating a child. Without sex there is no child. In the cases of teen-parents, it is not probable that the child will grow up with the proper education. This is most probable because the teens themselves are s manger learning. In the instances of single parent parenting, the education can be very tedious. It would be tedious because the single parent would have to play the role of the mother and the father as well.Such examples prove that sex inside of marriage is the simplest choice. One would not have as many a(prenominal) issues to face and will be able to raise a family almost problem free. In parenting there will naturally be problems too, however when an liberal is there to help their children they have the personal experience and moral guidance needed to lead the offspring off on the right foot. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states Parents are the principle and first educators of their children. In this sense the fundamental task of marriage and family is to be at the service of life (1653, 461). When your child comes to you and tell you that their male child/girlfriend is pressuring them for sex you can be able to tell them to abstain. Abstinence is the only safe and morally correct form of contraception.In conclusion, sex is meant to unite a married couple as one loving body in consummating a marriage, to leave the possibility of procreation open and to and to educate a child. The previous information has shown sex to only be moral and truly worry free in a marriage.Let the Hebrews marry, at the age fit for it, virgins that are free, and born of good parents. But if the damsel be convicted, as having been corrupted, and is one of the common people, let her be stoned, because she did not preserve her virginity till she were lawfully married but if she were the daughter of a priest let her be burnt alive (Pastor David, Virginity/Marriage, 1)

Early Civilizations Matrix Essay

favorable ActionThe purpose of this paper is to review the subject of plausive proceeding, and the policies that go along with it. The paper pass on be recommending to a board of directors that their business implement affirmative satisfy policies. This argument will be supported by points and facts that be in favor of the effectuation. It will also fairly discuss points a wearst the implementation of affirmative action. The paper will cover points virtu eachy how affirmative action policies relate to compliance with the comp atomic number 18 opportunity laws. out front getting to far ahead, it is of the essence(predicate) to make sure that there is a logical understanding of what affirmative action actu aloney is, and what its policies stand for.What is affirmative action?Affirmative action message that steps argon taken to help increase the representation of women, and other minorities in areas like education, transaction, and business. These are all areas from which they deplete typically and historically been excluded. It is when these steps involve preferential treatment or cream based on gender, race, and ethnicity then the concept of affirmative action becomes controversial (Affirmative Action, 2001). History of affirmative actionIn 1961, then President John F. Kennedy issued executive order 10925 against American Lexicon. The order gave the first summon of affirmative action.The purpose of the order was to end discrimination at bottom the business (Nittle, n.d.). Next, three years ulterior in 1964, The Civil Right Act came out. The goal of the Civil Right Act of 1964 was to stop drill and public accommodations discrimination (Nittle, n.d.). Following the Civil Right Act of 1964, President Lyndon Johnson, who took office after the character assassination of John F. Kennedy, issued executive order 11246. This order required federal contractors to practice affirmative action, to help burst diversity within the workplace and help end ra ce based discrimination, and other forms of discrimination (Nittle, n.d.).Before these amendments were signed into action, you had other key events that took place as well. For example, the object lesson of Brown v Board of Education. This character reference was close to an African American girl who wanted to attend a white-hot public school, and was denied admittance. This case helped over round a prior case Plessy v Ferguson. Plessy v Ferguson stated that a separate entirely equal America was constitutional (Nittle, n.d.). Brown v Board overturned that case by belief that discrimination is a key aspect of racial segregation. Which meant that it violated the 14th Amendment (Nittle, n.d.). This decision started the countries goal to advertize diversity in schools and various other places (Nittle, n.d.). This was a precise important legal, as well as ethical case. It helped kick start the changes to peoples thought processes.Why affirmative action? without delay that a bit o f history on affirmative action has been covered, it is important to look at why affirmative action policies should be put into action at your ac keep company. Affirmative action would be very beneficial to your company for many reasons. It allows for a more(prenominal) diversified workplace, it is a way to allow all races to have equal amends, it submits that everyone has the ability to be great at their pedigree, that people can be more productive by sharing various thoughts, plans, and ideas for the betterment of not only the company, but themselves as well, disregardless of their gender, race, or ethnicity.This company should hire people based on things like their level of experience and skill, and whether they have the aspects necessary for thatposition. The hiring process should not be based on the persons racial or ethnic background, or whether they are a male or a female. People should be convenient enough that when they apply for a position within your company they d o not worry about whether or not they are being discriminated against. All that should matter is that they have the skills necessary to do the job to the best of their ability. Not whether or not they are the strait-laced gender or if they are the right ethnicity.If someone applies for a job at your company, and they feel they may have been discriminated against, and then they ask you about it, if you dont give them a reasonable response or answer them correctly it can cause problems for the company. Whether it be through long bitter court battles, or just the company gains a bad label for even potentially being prejudiced or biased.Employment discrimination against women and minorities is something that has gone on for a very long time. Government reports show that the pay, as well as job opportunities for minorities is smaller than that of white or Caucasian ethnicity ( Bohlander & Snell, 2007).If your company implements affirmative action, it can be beneficial from the outside and inside as well. One thing that of necessity to be done to begin the action, is to develop a plan. Your company needs to have a written statement showing commitment to the idea of affirmative action. You should look at where the company stands in terms of women and minorities that you have employed. By doing so, it will allow for you to see where changes, if any, need to be do. Once you see where the improvements and changes are, you need to take the right steps to make sure these changes are made. magic spell making these changes, you have to make sure that no other race or gender within your employee base was mistreated, or undervalued in any way repayable to the affirmative action plan. Equal employment opportunity lawAccording to the Equal Employment Opportunity Law, all businesses have an obligation to uphold. They are not to judge a potential employee based on ones race, gender, age, etc. This is a very important aspect of affirmative action. You have to make sure that y our company understands and follows thepolicy ( Bohlander & Snell, 2007).The court system is evermore interpreting the employment law. If changes are made, then it is the manager of your companys responsibility to change the companys employment guidelines to follow the court ruling (Bohlander & Snell, 2007). To help make sure that business do comply with the changes, and anti discrimination laws, the Equal Employment Opportunities Council was established to monitor that the guidelines are being followed (Bohlander & Snell, 2007).Benefits of affirmative actionThere are many proceedss for your company to implementing an affirmative action plan. The employees themselves will benefit for instance, because minorities that are employed within your company have the chance to advance up the career ladder, and gain opportunities for promotions that they may not have had a chance of getting before.Your company shouldnt be made up of one race, one ethnicity, or one gender because you think t hat one is better than the other. If a person has or gets a job, it should be due to their qualifications and abilities to do the job correctly. Not based on race or gender. The downfalls of affirmative actionWith almost any argument in favor of something, you are going to have opinions refuting the ideas. Some believe that affirmative action leads to reverse discrimination. That instead of being hired for their qualifications and skill, that they are hired based on religion, race, gender, etc. Opponents feel that it can make people turn against one another. Preventing the downfalls of affirmative actionThe cons of affirmative action can be avoided as long as your company takes the proper steps. The company needs to look for the best people for the unfilled positions, and do the proper training if needed. To help prevent your employees from feeling as if the only reason they got the job with your company was due to their gender or race, make sure that you let them know they were hi red because they had the needed experience or qualifications and therefore they were the best match.It is important to make sure that your company sticks to the plan that was laid out in the beginning, to the affirmative action plan that was developed. You watch over all of your employees, and not just those who are impact more by the plan, the work environment at your company should stay sustainable and comfortable for all employees.ConclusionAffirmative action would be a great idea for your company. The purpose of this presentation was to show both the pros and the cons of implementing affirmative action within your company, which is hopefully what was done. The chief(prenominal) thing to remember here is that the benefits to implementing affirmative action, strongly outweigh the pitfalls. Also, the opposition to the plan can be avoided by following your action plan, and the steps provided for avoidance of those downfalls. It is hoped that you will choose to use the affirmative action policy within your company, as it is something that will most definitely help and payoff in your companys future.ReferencesBohlander, G. W., & Snell, S. A., (2007). Managing human resources (14th ed.). Florence, KY Thomson Learning Higher Education. Nittle, N.K. (n.d.). Key events in affirmative action history. Retrieved from http//racerelations.about.com/od/historyofracerelations/a/TheFiveLandmarkEventsWhichLedtoAffirmativeActionsRise.htm Affirmative action. (2001). Retrieved from http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/affirmative-action/

A Critical Essay

If the to a higher place quote is to be examined, it actually says the opposite of this thesis statement that art, such as music, theater and the same are conceptualisations of societys creativity. Ironically, though, it also bolsters it by saying that the personal expression of the artist, although non needs a reflection of societys collective creative process and experience is actually the truly basis from which society itself is being drawn into, modified, classified, shaped, molded, awakened, and finally, defined.Art after all, beginning from the artists own personal creativity, was created due to the artists reaction to, or personal reflection of a stimulus that came from his dealings and living in his environment and society coming full circle when society shares and identifies with the artists own evidential human experience.History is replete with artistic expressions of a group of peoples own intrinsic expressions of individuation and affinity among the members of th e same group or community. This is in tune with the artists search for a sounding board within the society, and thus, shaping and reforming his own society.Art, being larger than the life that it supposedly mirrors does not only remain confined within the artists personal sphere. It seeks far wider audience, even beyond the community or society. It seeks the world to find a collectivity with the universal human experience.Folk art is one among the some(prenominal) forms where art is being elevated as a voice of a society, a generation or a community. Here it ceases to be a mere personal expression of the artist only becomes a societal expression of creativity and significance. Art also functions as a chronicle of the human spirit, as well as the development of society as a whole. The songs, dances, poetry, paintings and other artistic expression serve as will to the development of society.A societys greatness, or otherwise is reflected in the art forms and expressions that would su rface during one addicted time. It goes without saying therefore that a study of art would reveal much of a societys soul. It is imperative therefore that art should be studied, understood, encouraged, cultivated and empowered.The clearest and most direct way to attain this of blood line is to go back to the source and soul of art the artist and his interaction with life and the world he lives in. If art is to be cultivated, then we must create an environment that would be conducive and supportive of the artist. We must awaken the sense of artistry and the zest for artistic expression in every one of us, so that we will stand as chroniclers each, of the society we live in at our given present time.Let it pageantry and be a collective expression that would stand time and in the process, enrich the future with a ready reference that would mirror our present society, and in effect serve as lessons for the future generations. such(prenominal) is the irony of art that Johann Wolfgang Goethe once said there is no surer method of evading the world than by pursual Art, and no surer method of linking oneself to it than by Art. (Goethe, 1749)Such is the paradox that is art one that is a personal expression but then again art (and science) belong to the whole world, and before them vanish the border of nationality, (Goethe, 1749) as a matter of fact. The famous Latin expression says everything, after all Vita Brevis, Ars Longa. Life is short, Art is songReferencesMiller, H. (n.d.). Henry Miller. Retrieved February 22, 2009, from http//www.henrymiller.org/ Von Goethe, J. (2008). Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Retrieved February 22, 2009, from http//www.kirjasto.sci.fi/goethe.htm

Religion may be losing its power at an institutional level, but it still retains immense influence over individual consciousness

Statistical evidence suggests that in terms of institutional religion, membership is in decline in Britain and in much of the rest of the world. church building attendance figures signal a continuing drop in attendance throughout the twentieth century particularly in Angli washstand, Baptist and Catholic Churches. It has also been shew that the number of children world baptised has dropped from 65% of the British child world to only 27%. Many sociologists use these statistics as support for their hypothesis in the secularisation of our society. as yet an equal number disregard these facts as evidence of secularisation, arguing that for our society to arrest secular there must be a decline in spectral thought not just Church membership. Institutional religion can be defined as a large governance, that has particular codes of conduct, set and morals which members are supposed to follow. Private intuitive feeling is when an individual has their own set of beliefs and moral guidelines to follow, worship and abidance to these rules are conducted personally and internally.An opinion poll conducted in 1991 called the British Social Attitudes Survey found that only 10% of the English population and 1% of the people in Northern Ireland denied the existence of graven image outright. This suggests that Britain has a unearthly population supporting the idea that religion still has major influence everywhere ghostly consciousness. It is therefore necessary to explain what has caused the decline in popularity of institutional religion if it is not a decline in religious belief itself.It can be argued that for a society to be truly religious, religion must play a part in every aspect of life. This religious booming Age was present in Britain in the Medieval Ages where the Church held most of the power, wealth and status. Today the Church has less(prenominal) wealth and plays little part in the ladder of the country (there is little Church representation i n the Government), Martin (1969) calls this process the disengagement of religion from wider society.However many sociologists would dispute that the Golden Age of religion does not mechanically indicate an enhanced religious thinking but actually a lack of spiritual independence which can lessen religious conviction. With an increasingly diverse ethnic mix present in British society there are more than religions. Religious pluralism has made people aware that spirituality can be an individual journey and that they are not required to share the same beliefs as everyone else to be religious.This is verification of the idea that institutional religion is in decline but not of secularisation, as although religious beliefs redeem changed they are still inherently spiritual. The sociologist Bellah defined religion as the search for the ultimate means of life but claimed that this did not have to involve the spiritual. Bellah supported the speculation that religious pluralism is evi dence against, not for, secularisation saying that religion has mother an individual quest as religious doctrine had become less strict.For example today it is impractical for all workers to rest on the Sabbath therefore it is no endless considered unholy to work on a Sunday allowing many to conduct their own worship in their own time. Consequently it is impossible to use research on the Church and other institutional religions as evidence of secularisation. Individuation is the natural evolution of religion whereby religion has not returnd but obviously changed to become more personal to the individual. Bellah can be faulted however for his lack of evidence in individuality in wider Western society and also for his definition of religion being too vagueParsons argued that through generalisation religious teachings have become an integral part of our society. Rather than there being a number of different teachings and values in one society, the institutional religion (in Britai n it is Christianity) doctrine has become more generalised and embedded into ripe culture. Parsons uses the example of healthcare. When the Church was at its height of power it was responsible for the running of the Hospitals, quite than the State. Religion was a major part of caring for the sick.Today Hospitals are run by the Government but the notion that it the responsibility of the healthy and able to care for the sick is a religious teaching. David Martin looked into generalisation in the US and found the same as Parsons however both have been criticised. It has been state that neither provide enough detailed evidence to support their theory, for example they do not release evidence that social values do not have a secular foundation rather than religious. Also many argue that it is wrong to assume that Britain and the USA are basically Christian societies.In terms of whether society has become secular Parsons theory of generalisation suggests that this is not the case, reli gious principals have become embedded in our society. Weber, another leading sociologist, agreed that many of societys core social guidelines in modern society have a religious origin. However where Weber significantly differs from Parsons is that he proposes that these guides to action have been transformed into secular guidelines, essentially Weber is arguing for secularisation.Weber uses his study The Protestant ethic and the show of Capitalism to show how the popularity of the Protestant doctrine has inadvertently caused a secular society. The teaching of the Protestant faith (to work hard and to keep reinvesting time, money and energy so to accumulate wealth) has lead to a decrease in the necessity of religion. Capitalism has brought about an increase in wealth, which provides its own satisfaction and rewards so there is less need for religion. Furthermore new technology and the mechanization of industry has resulted in there being less call for religion as a motivator for h ard work.Like generalisation the renewing theory can be condemned for lack of evidence for modern day values having religious origins. or else one could argue that Webers theory does not disprove generalisation, he makes little argument for the Protestant Ethic not still being present in society today. Weber argued against individuation also, claiming that the supernatural belief has been banished from our society and all meanings and motives are governed by rational belief instead. Weber called this Desacrilisation.Wilson developed the argument for desacrilisation citing 4 reasons for the dissolution of supernatural conviction. Firstly the rise in Protestantism, which Wilson argues encourages rational thought and behaviour. Secondly the rational organisation of society, this can be related to the fact that with a greater equilibrium in society this has diminish /. Finally the development of rational ideologies such as Communism have highlighted negativity within religious inst itutions (for example Marxs claim that Religion is the opium of the people).Desacrilisation can be denounced for its lack of hard data, it almost appears that much of the theory is based on the impressions of particular researchers. When looking at society from a different perspective it is eject to see that the supernatural does play a significant role in our lives. An example being belief in superstitions such as walking under a ladder or making a wish when you break a wish bone or blow out candles. To imply that supernatural belief has been banished from our society would eradicate all superstitious related actions, yet they are still preponderant in our society.

Organizational Behaviour – Case Study

Consider the case Job satisfaction at zee skillful serve Ltd by D. Adam-Smith and L. Littlewood. In Adam-Smith, D. and Peacock, A. (Eds), Cases in organisational behaviour (pp. 151-162). London Pitman and Prep ar a report that addresses (i. e. , explains) the situation in the case (i. e. , gamy job overturn among professional staff) taking the status of employment motif and employee attitudes. Word count 3000 Module Organizational Behavior Introduction to omega Technical Services Ltd. A labor intensive medium sized home ezed Technical Services Ltd was established in mid 1950s.The main focus of zed was to provide technical services to the divers(prenominal) clients roughlyly from engineering sector. izzard consists of 180 sound time staff which is dispersed in viii diametrical regional offices. Main services provided by Omega were to provide documentation service in the form of manuals for operations and maintenance. In 1984 as a result of increased competition and f alling network margins in the field the party planned a cost reduction plan and changes to its management mien to improve the efficiency of the organisation and to remain competitive in the business sector.But at the equal time board of directors were concerned ab unwrap the low morale of the employees and its impact over the performance of the company. in that respect were increased incidences of low quality work followed by high turnover i. e. 33% over the furthest full year. After going through the provided case study and the relevant study materials, it is established that Directors of the Omega was establishing to adventure out the main reason for low morale inside the organisation and to find the recommendation which will improve the job satisfaction of employees which will ultimately improve the productivity of the staff and fashion new friendship.To full fill this objective a formal attitude survey was conducted by the personnel manager of the Omega ltd. with the help of anonymous questionnaire. The questionnaire was invented by using both on the fence(p) ended questions and closed questions. The final questionnaire was consists of 83 questions, out of which 68 were closed questions and 12 were open ended. close questionnaires were conducted to address five main aras including, general satisfaction, communication, fairness/supervision, and involvement/identification. Matters relating to other jobs and companies which included aroundwhatwhat acquit issues.KEY CURRENT AND FUTURE CHALLENGES The overall response rate of the survey was 42%. Based on that analysis of the result of the questionnaire and live onive reading from the available literature, now we will look at some of the most main(prenominal) current and future altercates which Omega is facing, and which atomic number 50 affect the overall performance of the aggroup in the near future in the strong competitive and innovative market. The key challenges facing Omega send aw ay be summarized as follows 1. perceptiveness Culture and Employees centering Relationship 2.Lack of Communication within the Organisation 3. Creating Organizational fellowship ( unavoidableness of investment in research and Development) 4. Attracting, Motivating and Retaining thespians in Omega 5. gets system Creating a have intercourseledge Sharing Culture Gordon (1996) defines an organisations culture as the leave-taking of its interior atmosphere that includes a set of postulations, values and principles that organisational associates share and use to direct their execution. Omega to a fault has the acquire to force a strong culture to build relationship among organisational levels.Hence integrity key challenge for Omega is the need to build a noesis culture that facilitates and inspires people to generate, split, and consummation friendship for the advantages and stomaching accomplishment of the boldness (Oliver and Kandadi, as cited in King, 2007). Organisati onal culture is argued as powerful remark for effective and efficient management and organisational learning (Janz and Prasamphanich, as cited in King, 2007). In Omega the conceit of familiarity sharing needs to be implemented into its organizational culture.The following facts highlighted in Table 1 below by Gurteen, (1999) illustrate why sharing friendship is main(prenominal). Table 1 Why knowledge sharing is essential to the survival of almost all businesses Intangible products Ideas, processes, information are taking a growing share of world-wide trade from the traditional, tangible corrects of the manufacturing economy. Sustainable competitive advantage Increasingly the plainly sustainable competitive advantage is continuous innovation is the application of new knowledge Increasing turnover of staff pack dont take a job for life any more.When some maven leaves an organization their knowledge walks out of the door with them. Accelerating change Technology, business and social. As things change so does our knowledge base erode in some businesses, as much of 50% of what you knew 5 years ag unmatched is probably obsolete today Source fitted from Gurteen, G, (Feb 1999) Creating a familiarity Sharing Culture, Knowledge vigilance Magazine, 2(5), www. gurteen. com/gurteen/gurteen. nsf/id/kscultureCulture is important in shaping assumptions about(predicate) what knowledge is worth exchanging when we are creating an environment for the knowledge sharing in Omega, making it pith that knowledge sharing the norm and it withal motivates the people to work in the team, provides such sort of knowledge which will be fruitful for the organization and employees. Hansen and Oetinger (2001) explain a new T shaped management where a new kindhearted of executives operates breaking a steering from the naturalized chain of command to split knowledge without stinting across the organization.While the systems are good at transferring explicit knowledge direct personal contact is needed for effective transfer of implicit knowledge which is needed for business solutions and is crucial for innovation. Hence implementing a open structure in Omega the company good deal apprehend the reimbursement of multi department learning and teamwork without having to establishment top down looms that could undermine the liberty and answerableness needed to create exceptional entity unit performance. TrustAs the result of the questionnaire conclude that employees have precise little self-assurance on their leaders as they feel that favoritism play a epochal role for the addition in the company. Lack of trust on the upper management also plays a vital role on the motivation and commitment of the employees towards organization, which derriere further results into more people release their jobs and increased number of absenteeism. For a sharing culture Omega need to build an environment of trust so that it will establish customs about cross-functio nal associations and communication. For example, Gold et al. as cited in King 2007) concluded that organizations with open and supportive value orientations are predisposed toward creative knowledge behaviors. Interpersonal trust in the workplace has been shown to have a strong and robust influence on a variety of organizational phenomena including job satisfaction, stress, organizational commitment, productivity and mostly to knowledge sharing (Mooradian, et al, 2006). Hence Omega needs to create a culture that facilitates the willingness of people to participate meaningfully in its development and trust of the organisation.Attracting, Motivating and Retaining knowledge workers in Omega In Omega the turnover for the company is 33% over the last full year which means roughly one out of e really three employees. Omega faces the vital challenge of retaining and motivate their knowledge worker. From the results of questionnaire we can establish that inequality and favoritism at the w ork place is one of the main reasons for high turnover, as approximately 70% of the respondents mentioned that they have applied for other jobs with in the last year time period.The main reason for this because employees at Omega feels that they were not treated middling and their was lack of respect from their managers. Employees also mentioned that they feel that due(p) to the current economic situation they felt underpaid as compared to the skills, knowledge and value they are generating for the company It is evident from the case that the traditional employment contracts may no long-run be effective in bonding knowledge workers and retain their loyalty.Furthermore, still practicing de-centralized management system, brightenly there is lack of any formal communication policy with in the Omega Technical Services ltd. match to Thompson and Heron as cited in (Horwitz, at al 2003) the employment relationship amidst the worker has changed to a new psychological contract where exclusives are seeking market sustainable employability and organization require high work commitment rather than job security and loyalty.Research carried by Horwitz, et al( 2003) supports that that turnover is usually higher(prenominal) in knowledge workers than non knowledge workers as they savor to seek new challenges from more doive companies. motif is argued to be a really individual phenomenon where what motives one doesnt necessarily motivate the other worker. Understanding individual needs at work helps management to better match rewards with motivation. Much of the motivation theories try to explain what (needs) and how (process) to motivate employees (Maslows Hierarchy of needs, Hertzberg Two factor theory, Equity theory and Goal theory).And most of these theories identify generally that extrinsic (satisfied externally, physical objects) and intrinsic reward (satisfied internally like status and recognition) as the basis of motivating employees. Hertzbergs two factor theory of motivation in the year (1959) distinguishes between hygienic factors and motivators the hygienic factors have completely the electric potential to eliminate dissatisfaction, while only motivators have the potential to increase satisfaction. In the case of Omega they were lacking both the hygiene factors and motivators.For example, employee of the Omega were not very satisfied with the on the job(p) condition with in the company and also reported that they were not treated fairly on work place and showing their concerns about lack of respect from their managers at work. Horwitz et al (2003) proposes a diagram for attracting inspiring and keeping of personnel which can be a useful framework that Omega (refer to diagram 2 in Appendix). Most favored retention strategies are those that are focused on portfolio of practices where top management support and leading is important.While to motivation includes providing more extrinsic rewards like challenge work, creative worki ng culture with autonomy, celebration of success and developing intelligence of nominate, course and enthusiasm. To attract workers the heathen fit is seen as important in Horwitz et als schema. Selective employing put into practicing have constructive effects on learning and in relative to organizational learning is the staffing and preservation of esteemed employees (Davenport, as cited in Lopez, et al, 2006). Omega is a service industry business that runs on the ideas, knowledge and knows how of the people who are working in it.Because of the people focused business this is the demand for the Omega that every individual working in the company should be educated, well motivated and inspire to deliver high performance. But due to the limiting budget for research and development and freeze on the benefits package at Omega, there was very limited opportunities for managers to invest in the research and development and to creat new knowledge for the organisation. Davenport et al. ha ve acknowledged 8 data management success features such as (1) engineering science infrastructure (2) organizational infrastructure (3) sleep of lexibility, evolution and ease-of-accessibility to knowledge (4) shared knowledge (5) knowledge-friendly culture (6) motivated workers who develop, share and use knowledge (7) means of knowledge transfer using various information technology infrastructure and (8) senior management support and commitment (Davenport et al. (1998) sited by Chong (2005) Overall knowledge management has become a people-centric because it is the network of the competent peoples which makes an organization successful.So, now the question is, what are the sources of motivation for these individuals within the company and also outside of the organization, and is individual motivation is aligned with the overall organizational goals and objectives? Omega needs to develop a reward system which is base on the performance and quality contribution of the employees. F irst, company has to identify that what are the motivation factors which effect variant levels of their employees with in the company.The motivation factor that attracts and engages the young employees, For example, moving to the top of the hierarchy level was very important for the previous years but this is not the case today, and definitely there will be some resistance to these motivational factors from the different levels of the company. But it does not mean that it shows the absence of motivation in that point level, but rather the presence of inappropriate will or motivation (Smith and McLaughlin, 2003). Every organization has some sources from where employee motivation sprouts (Amar and Hall, 2004).So, now it depends upon the management of the Omega that how they loads these sources with the factors that motivate, energize and direct the employees towards the achievement of the organizational goals. These factors may be intrinsic and extrinsic and in contrast to aiming a t fulfillment of employees cognitive needs, these factors connect with their psyches (Amar and Hall, 2004). Reward and Recognition System Omega moldiness design a reward and recognition system in such a way that it encourages and motivate the workers to the sharing of vision and task.The purpose of this system should be do very clear and visible to employees. In addition it is important for Omega to involve and encourage employee fight into the reward system and must measure the level of employee satisfaction with the system in order to design the correct program. Hence one of the key challenges for managers in Omega is to understand what factually motivates individuals to excel in their work and more importantly how to influence what others are motivated to do.According to Kerr (1995) it is of utmost importance that managers or the senior management recognize the type of activity they are rewarding because the reward and recognition dodging may be ineffective if they are reward ing an activity that they are trying to discourage. Also Cameron and lunge (1997 cited by Milne, P. , 2007) suggested that verbal and tangible rewards do help in increasing efficiency among the employees, higher level of job satisfaction and overall enhancing motivation. Praising people personally and sincerely for their hard work can actually help create a sense of belongingness.Employees would feel that their work is being know, valued and appreciated. This way employees maybe intrinsically motivated to perform and be admired by other colleagues for their contribution. I believe that the partners or the senior management in Omega should not only praise saint but also praise employees who are showing signs of improvement in their work. Moss Kanter (1987) pointed out that these reward systems can actually motivate individuals to perform effectively only for themselves and not for the organisation.According to Moss Kanter the amount of reward one gets depends on the position or st atus in the organisation. Higher the status, higher the rewards. Hence individuals will try their level best to get promoted quickly in order to get higher rewards. Omega must try to develop a reward programme were the reward itself is not the main driver for modify and sharing knowledge but could be used as a tool for giving directions and purpose to what employees do. Money is normally considered to be the major motivation factor in the organizations, but this is not the only case in the Omega.In management industry money can be a good source of motivation if it is designed properly and establish a clear linkage what management wants and what its employees can do in their jobs that is with in their control (CEO Sounds-off, 1997) As Omega is facing problems in motivation of employees from different level of employees, it should announce certain goals and targets for the improvement of performance and then relate it with the different rewards for completing these goals and target. This kind of rewards will give the employees a sense of achievement.Incentives As we discussed above that money is not the only motivating factor in the firms, so the rewards should be expanded to the non-financial incentives, like introduction of some work benefits, onward motion and further training opportunities for the personal development. In Omega, these kinds of incentive will be helpful for the future growth of the company, because in case of further training and personal development, it will leads towards the better and improved performance from that employee in the future and will keep him /her motivated to play his/her part.This behavior is supported by the Maslows theory of hierarchy of Needs in which Maslow talks about the need of the self actualization. According to Maslow, if all of these needs are satisfied, we can still expect that there will be development of another need, unless the individual is doing, what he, by the piece fitted for (Mahesh 1993 sited by Amar and Hall 2004). TrainingStrategic training is a fundamental tool that facilitates communication among employees, by providing a common language and shared vision and is argued to be one of the most significant HR practices for the organizational learning process (Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995, Ulrich et al 1993 as cited in Lopez et al, 2006). In the case of Omega, questionnaire results shows a clear amount of respondents shows their interest in learning new knowledge and shows their willingness for further training by which they can improve their effiecincy.A clear understanding of Omegas missions and values will help to check into the right direction for the learning processes. Training should be orientation towards developing culture of commitment to learning and should demonstrate to employees and management framework link to the company strategy. Training should be practical support for organizational goals and work related technologies (Bassi and McMurrer, 2007).The training progr ams should also favour the sharing of ideas and best practices improving the level of receptiveness to new ideas thus promoting flexibility in acquiring critical skills needed for effectively responding to competitive challenges ( Lopez, et al 2006). There is empirical evidence to indicate (DiBella et al, 1996 McGill and Slocum, 1993 Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995 Ulrich et al 1993 as cited in Lopez) the idea that training plays a critical role in maintaining and developing the capabilities both individual and rganizational and also substantially contributes toward the process of organizational change. Job Description In Omega, it is recommended that job should be the first motivating factor for the employees. Company need to redesign the job descriptions of the employees, so that they can attract and retain the best people. While designing a job responsibility, company can include the factors that attract and motivate the employees interest and mind and mucilage them to put effort in their respective jobs towards the achievement of the organizational objectives.This will leads towards the improved loyalty with the firm and motivate people to do their best and it will also reduce the loss of knowledge by people leaving the Omega. In case of young employees this approach frees their minds, which allows them to engage them in the activities which brings innovations to the company, which is very important for the Omega. According to Amar and Hall, companies should allow the people to think innovative ideas while managers patrolling the boundaries (Amar and Hall, 2004).Another important point which also needs to be considered is family-friendly working schedule. Employees prefer those jobs and job schedules, where they can adjust their family and social life with out any significant impact on their job responsibilities. CONCLUSION In this assignment we discuss about the different challenges to Omega and what are the possible recommendations to address those challenge s both for the current and future time. Clearly there is struggle by Omega management to keep staff motivated and there is no actual implementation of motivational theories.Due to the shortage of coin as 80% of the companys funds are already allocated to employees wages, management needs to consider non-monetary incentives and rewards as we discussed in the main automobile trunk of the assignment. It is concluded that in a knowledge intensive service firm, individuals are the most valuable asset and technology can only provide the relevant support for the creation and management of the business. So it is the peoples who need to be motivated to give maximum output for the company. We have looked at the different motivation factors and how to create the work environment thats helps to achieve the rganizational goal. Based on the observations and the supported study material it is recognized that there are different sources for the motivation for the Omega employee, like how to defi ne the job description, rewards, incentives and use of the technology to support individuals. So the combination of these factors will result in the working environment where every individual is performing his duties up to the best of his potential with the sense of responsibility and putting his/her share in the progress of the company. REFERANCESAlton C, Ngee A, Polytechnic, (20001), Relationship between the Types of Knowledge Shared and Types of Communication Channels Used, Journal of Knowledge care Practice, October 2001 Amar A. 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