Methods In Early Childhood Education Essay

Social and emotional development harmonizing to Cohen and other experts as ( cited in Social Emotional Development sphere Child Development, 2009 ) includes the ability of a kid to show and pull off his emotions every bit good as his ability to construct positive relationships with others. They shared the same position as Howard Gardner ‘s theory of multiple intelligence on intrapersonal and interpersonal procedures and presented a strong relationship between cognizing of one ‘s feelings and the feelings of others. Gardner believed that if both these abilities are good developed in immature kids, it will beef up their sense of ego and the relationship with others. ( cited in Dowling, 2005 p.61 ) . On the other manus, Nowicki & A ; Duke, 1989 ( cited in Dowling, 2005 ) supported Gardner, as they found that kids who are sensitive to others and aware of their ain feelings appeared to accomplish better in school than those with similar rational ability but less emotional abil ity. Social Competence Social knowledge refers to â€Å" self – contemplation or believing about one ‘s ego â€Å" , Berk ( 2000 p. 440 ) . As stated in Jean Piaget ‘s theory, societal development takes topographic point through interaction between the kid and the environment and that the developing kid constructs his ain cognition. On the other manus, Vygotsky viewed socialization as two fold – foremost, knowledge every bit related to societal battle and secondly linguistic communication as a tool for communicating within the societal context. ( cited in Berk, 2000 ) . As such, societal accomplishments play a critical function in assisting kids header with the many complexnesss and demands of the universe. Definition of societal accomplishments Social accomplishments can be defined as the â€Å" ability to implement developmentally appropriate societal behaviors that enhanced 1s interpersonal relationship without doing injury to anyone † ( Schneider, 1993 p.19 ) . 0938982 Harmonizing to Jalongo ( 2006 ) , societal competency is defined as a set of abilities, behaviors and responses directed towards other persons that serve to further positive human relationships. Katz and McClellen ( 1997, p. 9 ) suggested that constituents of societal accomplishments include societal apprehension and interaction accomplishments. It was stated that kids equipped with a basic cognition of linguistic communication, norm and imposts of others are more capable of prosecuting skillfully in their equals activities. They further discussed that communication, discoursing, negociating, turn- pickings, collaborating, jointing penchants, accepting via medias and sympathizing with others constitute portion of societal interaction. Prosocial behavior consists of three distinguishable classs and they are sharing, assisting and cooperation harmonizing to Marion, 2003 ( cited in Preusse, 2008 ) . It was besides stated that development of cognitive and emotional competences is indispensable for a kid ‘s development of prosocial behavior. On the other manus, Vygotsky, in Berk & A ; Winsler,1995 ( cited in Preusse,2008 ) viewed socialization as two crease, knowledge in relation to societal battle and linguistic communication as a tool for societal communicating. He farther emphasized the importance of sociodramatic drama by which cognitive development occurs in kids through societal interaction. Definitions for sharing and turn – taking Turn -taking Turn – pickings is portion of prosocial accomplishments that kids need to develop. Katz and McClellan ( 1997, p. 46 ) commented that a big portion of societal interaction involves turn – pickings. It was noted that bend – taking involves being able to place cues in the spouse ‘s behavior indicating that the other is about to convey his or her bend to an terminal, spoting what minute will be best to convey forth one ‘s bend. 0938982 Sharing Sharing is a common type of happening in preschool contexts and it is critical for kids to larn this accomplishment so as to interact positively with others. Harmonizing to Adams & A ; Baronberg ( 2005, p. 68 ) sharing means â€Å" two people utilizing the same thing at the same clip † . Definition of Performing Humanistic disciplines Harmonizing to the Collin ‘s lexicon, humanistic disciplines such as dance, music and play that are performed unrecorded in forepart of an audience is referred to as executing humanistic disciplines. Performing as mentioned by Wright ( 2003 ) includes the physical or bodily competency and reading supplying a foundation for kids ‘s larning utilizing a scope of motion techniques. Performing will affect the participant being observed by health professionals, equals and instructors in the schoolroom context. Theories of Musical Development and how does it excite kids ‘s development Harmonizing to Jerome Bruner, ( cited in Isenberg & A ; Jalongo, 1997 p. 129 ) kids proceed through three cognitive phases: 1 ) enactive, 2 ) iconic and 3 ) symbolic and each of these phases suggests developmentally appropriate music experience for kids. Bruner ‘s enactive phase relates to Piaget ‘s ( 1952 ) sensorimotor phase and Erikson ‘s ( 1950 ) trust – edifice phase where physical activity and music are interwined. Therefore musical activities stimulate kids ‘s senses, cognitive development and besides builds societal relationships. Role of Music and Movement in the development of societal emotional accomplishments Music, harmonizing to Gardner, 1973 ( cited in Isenberg & A ; Jalongo, 1997 p. 129 ) contributes to the kid ‘s physical, rational, emotional, societal, cultural and aesthetics development. As stated by McAllester, 1991 ( cited in Isenberg & A ; Jalongo, 1997 p. 131 ) music encourages engagement, sharing and cooperation. Through musical activities such as vocalizing and games, â€Å" kids learn to subordinate their single wants to the ends of the group which is the kernel of cooperation. † 0938982 To heighten kids ‘s societal accomplishments, music is an effectual plan for kids to accommodate to societal accomplishments in a merriment and gratifying manner. Leonhard, 1983 ( cited in Lau, n.d. ) respects music as a societal art that has the capacity to unify societal groups and enable each person to experience as portion of the group. While Spodek, Saracho and Lee, 1983 ( cited in Lau, n.d. ) farther emphasized that music has the ability to pull the shy and withdrawn kid to come closer with their equals and supports societal relationships. Catron & A ; Allen, ( 2003 p. 213 ) farther supported that immature kids must larn to collaborate with equals and act in a socially responsible mode so that they would develop a cooperation spirit through take parting in a assortment of little group activities. Music is portion of the course of study and it is so a great manner to expose kids through musical activities that include vocals, musical games and rhythmic activities as the learning tool to heighten kids ‘s societal skills.. Singing simple vocals enable kids to absorb societal values better than when they are being taught. If vocals touch on values and rules, kids will get down to integrate them into their societal development. Music activities besides allows kids to sing, dance and usage certain gestures for certain parts of the vocal and these besides allows them to let go of societal and emotional jobs. Children are invariably sing new emotions and state of affairss as they grow and each new experience contributes to their societal development. As stated by ( Forsyth,1977 ; Madsen & A ; Alley, 1979 ; Sim,1986 ; Standley & A ; Hughes,1996 ) . Research workers have documented the effectual usage of music to heighten kids ‘s societal accomplishments particularly when intercessions and instructions involve the usage of participatory activities. 0938982 Definition of Dance Dance, harmonizing to Schiller & A ; Meiners ( cited in Wright, 2003 p. 91 ) is a â€Å" agencies of showing interior feelings, experiences and cultural individuality and recognised as a critical and dynamic executing art with motion as the medium of look and the organic structure as its instrument. † On the other manus, Russell – Bowie ( 2009 p. 189 ) defines dance as a â€Å" agencies of go throughing cognition, accomplishments and attitudes from one individual to another from one coevals to the following. It is a jubilation of life, a ritual and a manner of showing heartache, felicity, surprise, sorrow, joy and accomplishment. It is a powerful vehicle for non – verbal communicating, self – look and creativeness. † Theories of Dance and how does it excite kids ‘s development Rudolph Laban ( 1963 ) , the male parent of motion instruction ( cited in Isbell & A ; Raines, 2007 p. 226 ) recommended that through motion kids developed organic structure consciousness, infinite consciousness and understood the different fluctuations of motion. . He created a system of analyzing motion through the elements of â€Å" clip, infinite, weight and flow † which educators usage as benchmarks to heighten both motor accomplishment development and creativeness when kids move. Besides associating to physical motion and the development of originative thought accomplishments is Howard Gardner, ( 1983 ) theories of multiple intelligences as he describes bodily kinesthetic intelligence as the â€Å" ability to unify the organic structure and head in physical public presentation, get downing with control of automatic and voluntary motion, kinesthetic intelligence progresses to utilizing the organic structure in extremely differentiated and skilled manner. â€Å" ( cited in Isbell & A ; Raines, 2007 p. 226 ) Role of Dance in the development of societal emotional accomplishments Murray, 1975 ( cited in Wright, 1991 p. 116 ) stated that dance is a medium for showing the entire ego. In originative dance, â€Å" subjective feelings about the universe are transformed into nonsubjective signifier † and physical, rational, societal and emotional responses are integrated during motion activities and hence dance is a valuable and natural manner for kids to show their thoughts and feelings. 0938982 Cecil – Fizdale, 1982 ( cited in Wright, 1991 p. 116 ) mentioned that motion and dance offers chances for kids to place and work out jobs, enhances their ability to react, prosecute in societal interaction and grasp of others which is a critical portion of kids ‘s early acquisition and socialization. Cornett ( 1999 ) further suggests eleven good grounds for instructors to utilize dance in the schoolroom one of which is â€Å" Dance can increase sensitiveness, regard and cooperation † as kids job solve through motion in a group, they are able to gain how each one has a different manner of utilizing the state of affairs every bit good as to utilize legion ways of showing ideas and feelings. They become cognizant that working in groups is better than working entirely and these will enable them to be motivated to larn. Definition of Drama Drama as defined by Ewing & A ; Simons, 2004 ( cited in Russell – Bowie, 2009 p. 225 ) as ‘ utilizing the organic structure in clip and infinite to research issues, inquiries, positions or thoughts. ‘ While Russell-Bowie, ( 2009 p.226 ) verifies that play as â€Å" a manner of doing significance of the universe around us and allows kids to populate in another individual ‘s universe and to research that individual ‘s manner of thought, feeling, moving, showing and being. Effective play is an integrating of idea, action and emotion. † Theories of Drama and how does it excite kids ‘s development Cognitive development theoreticians acknowledge that kids learn through drama and experiences they gain within their environment as Piaget, 1963 ( cited in Isbell & A ; Raines, 2007 p. 245 ) ) explained that â€Å" gesture and mummer are linguistic communication in gesture † and that this is the societal linguistic communication of kids which is the connexion between motion and linguistic communication that originative play provides. Drama provides kids with many chances for meaningful communicating and societal interaction. These interactions is what Vygotsky ( 1978 ) mentioned was necessary for the â€Å" internalisation of new cognition. † ( cited in Isbell & A ; Raines, 2007 p. 245 ) 0938982 In add-on, Bandura, 1977 ( cited in Freeman, Sullivan & A ; Fulton, 2003 p. 133 ) stresses that procedures of play is â€Å" consistent with the theory of behavioral alteration on the footing of ego – efficaciousness and that one benefit of play is the edifice of personal assurance gained through work in a non -threatening environment. † Role of Drama in the development of societal emotional accomplishments Pinciotti ( 1993 p. 27 ) mentioned that through originative play, † kids move from personal experience into a shared group image and that this group nature of originative play immense participants in a cognitive, societal and emotional experience. † Cornett ( 1999 ) further supports the demand for instructors to incorporate originative play in the schoolroom as she states foremost, â€Å" play is portion of existent life and prepares kids to cover with life jobs † while take parting in the play kids are able to look at jobs from an alternate point of position, regard diverse thought and realise that there are many solutions for any one job. Second, â€Å" play can heighten kids ‘s psychological well – being allows kids to show feelings and emotions. † Personal development takes topographic point as kids control their organic structure and words as they express thoughts and feelings during the play activities. Positive self – image and ego -confidence besides emerge through the job work outing state of affairss. Children besides become cognizant that people feel a scope of emotions and that feelings can be dealt in a positive manner. Through play, kids develop tolerance and credence. Third, ‘ † Drama builds cooperation and develops societal accomplishments † as kids work in groups to be after and prosecute in play, they develop the ability to give and take, cooperation and hearing is enhanced and allows kids to happen appropriate functions and develop societal consciousness. Social accomplishments can be developed in play as kids working in a group overcome troubles through job work outing. They experience working with equals as they negotiate programs to present the play. During these interactions, kids begin to work hand in glove and â€Å" these collaborative attempts are effectual in furthering a community of scholars in which there is common regard for diverse thoughts and attacks † . Isbell & A ; Raines ( 2007 p. 246 ) 0938982 Teacher ‘s function in heightening societal accomplishments development Harmonizing to Raikes, 1996 ( cited in Preusse, 2010 ) secure attachment bonds between the kid and health professional creates a sense of trust that supports the kid for geographic expedition of the universe and builds a strong base for future development. As such, it is instead of import for instructors to construct strong relationship with kids under their attention. On the other manus, Berk, 2002 ( cited in Preusse, 2010 ) mentioned that preschool kids become independent, concerted as they gain their linguistic communication accomplishments, ego consciousness and to believe in another individual ‘s point of position. All these will enable kids to hold better societal interaction with their equals. Therefore, it is the instructors ‘ function to ease and supply the chances and activities to heighten kids ‘s societal accomplishments. Teacher – parent partnership is another of import factor in heightening kids ‘s societal accomplishments as stated by Webster- Stratton ( 2006 p. 6 ) â€Å" household engagement has positive effects on kids ‘s academic accomplishment, societal competency and school quality. † On the other manus, Brand & A ; Fernie, 1983 ( cited in Isenberg & A ; Jalongo 1997, p.145 ) stated that â€Å" instructors fulfil their musical functions and duties when they function as incentives, contrivers, co – participants and perceivers † . As such, it is the instructor ‘s attitude and belief that plays an of import function in supplying these chances for kids to heighten their societal emotional accomplishments. Further, instructors besides need to be trained in order to transport out the assorted humanistic disciplines activities. They must hold the cognition to detect kids and to place and be after harmonizing to kids ‘s demands in order to heighten their societal emotional development. 0938982 Decision Prosocial behavior is portion and package of go oning in an person ‘s life context. Constructing a strong foundation in societal accomplishments during the early childhood old ages is important to a kid ‘s societal behavior in ulterior life. As the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation ( 2005 ) Education For All Monitoring study indicates that in order for pedagogues to accomplish and make a cohesive, peaceable and comfortable society, our instruction systems need to instil a sense of community, grasp for cultural diverseness, assurance and self – regard in our kids. The value of humanistic disciplines and civilization in quality instruction was besides mentioned and it was stated that all attempts are being made worldwide to integrate humanistic disciplines and civilization in the instruction systems. Therefore, kids ‘s engagement in executing humanistic disciplines is one of the many schemes that can be employed to heighten their s ocietal emotional accomplishments. However farther observations and survey is needed to reason the impact of these humanistic disciplines activities on the societal and emotional development of kindergartners. 0938982

028 Develop Positive Relationships with Children

Develop positive relationships with children, young people and others involved in their care. 028 Outcome 1: Be able to develop positive relationships with children and young people. A/C1; Positive relationships with children and young people are important as it has a huge effect on the way we can work with them. When a child is being left into my room in the morning I would go over to greet the child and lift them and make them feel secure. When the child trusts me it helps them to feel comfortable with me, making it easier for them to be separated from their parents.If a child feels emotionally secure they are more likely to participate in play and learning activities unlike a child that sits and cries for their mummy, I would try and bring the child into activities that I know that they enjoy. For example a child in my room was upset and wanted their mummy, I went over to the child and asked her â€Å"would you like to play with the sand. † The child was happy to as it is h er favourite activity. Children are less likely to show unwanted behaviour if they have strong relationships as I can recognise and meet their needs.The more a child feels confident talking to me it will help their language to develop quicker. I can plan more accurately as I understand a child’s developmental needs and know their interests. I am able to respond to children more effectively because I can recognise their expressions and emotions. The Principles of building and maintaining relationships are as follows: Communicating effectively is one of the most important aspects of building a relationship. The way we do this depends on the child’s age and stage of development.I also use facial expressions, body language and gestures. Identifying and sorting out conflicts and disagreements fairly to maintain the child/young person’s trust. I indentify the difficulties and help them to find ways to overcome them. I would always be consistent and fair as children re ly on this. Consistency means not only keeping behavioural boundaries in place but to make sure the staff are not excitable one day and then quiet and withdrawn the next. Showing respect and courtesy helps the children to copy our actions.For example when I hand out toast at break time I would always say `thank you` when I place it down on their tray. I always speak in a warm and friendly tone, and bend down to their level. Valuing and respecting individuality as each child has different strengths, talents and attitudes; by doing this I show that I am comfortable with their differences. Realising that a child has certain interests and building upon them. For example a child in my group loves Mickey mouse so I brought in a Mickey mouse teddy that helped him go down to sleep easier at sleep time.Keeping promises and honouring commitments are very important as children/young people need to know that can they rely on me. I have an understanding of confidentiality as this is essential ab out trust and respect. I need to know when it is ok to breach the confidentiality, aware that there may be a threat. I would never pass on anything said in private, do not gossip because once the breach of confidentiality is broken all trust is then lost. A/C2; Observed A/C3; Building relationships with children and young people change according to the age and stage of a child.It is important to think about their needs and interests. How I would respond to a 12 year old boy would be different to a 4 year old. Building relationships with babies is an absolute necessity as babies need to form an attachment or bond with the early years worker to make up for them missing their parents. The term `key person` is what the EYFS use to describe the role of a person who will take care of the baby or child and develop a special relationship with them. Constancy is important; babies can make more than one attachment although they do need to have one strong relationship.It is important to try an d encourage children to develop strong relationship with other staff so they feel comfortable and secure if the key person is absent. By holding or cuddling a baby this helps to build strong relationships as the baby feels wanted and reassured. Children under the age of 3 years need strong attachments to one person as the still stress over their parents leaving. This can happen during the settling in period. For example a new boy joined our nursery, at the start mummy stayed with him and he sat on her knee and I slowly introduced myself.Next day mummy had informed me that he loved play dough, so after bending down to the child’s level I asked would he like to help me get the play dough table set up. He followed me, giving mummy time to leave the room. The child was fine until he turned round and noticed mummy had gone. He cried, I offered my hand out and said not to worry as mummy will be back soon. I said to the child about making star shapes to show mummy. Mummy came back i n after half an hour. As the week went on, by the end the child came to me, we got his favourite activity and he was distracted.Now he comes into my room without stressing about mummy. I have always enjoyed working with children. I have three children myself and when they were in primary school I would have been a parent helper. I also became a reading partner. I have an understanding of how to approach children, I always smile and I always appear approachable. For instance if a child in my room appears sad, I would go over to where the child is, when I know the time is right I would give eye contact with a smile. I would then ask if there is anything the child would like to do, maybe do a painting or read a book.I always want the children to feel that they are not being excluded. I improve on building my relationships with the children by communicating with the parents. I work two days a week, I have been told a few times by different mummies that their child has missed me, one chi ld in particular kept saying â€Å"go to gems, see weese† the child’s mummy laughs and says that her child continuously tries to say my name â€Å"weese for Louise† I could do more by attending courses on how to understand relationships etc.I can always learn from communicating with my colleagues on how to sort out conflicts. 028 Outcome 2: A/C1; Positive relationships with people involved in the care of children and young people are important as the child’s welfare can be properly monitored, plans for the children`s care and education are more effective and children are given consistent care. Good communication with everyone in the workplace is important; it is also essential to ensure that colleagues work well together and can share our skills/ideas and gain information with each other.Everyone should work together to meet the needs of the children in the setting and find out what their interests are. If colleagues do not have good relationships then it may cause bad feelings and a divide between colleagues. It may be the case that you will all not work well together and are not able to share information, and then the parents and children may suffer. It is important to have good communication with the children in the etting as this ensures you will have a good relationship with them which will help them feel more comfortable when they are settling in or provide reassurance during transitions in their lives as well as supporting them in their play and learning. Good communication is needed to ensure that information is passed on correctly to the families that will benefit the children. Also if the parents see that you have a good relationship with the children it will help them feel more relaxed and helps them to trust us to care for their children. A/C2; Observed

IMC (Integrated Marketing Communication) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IMC (Integrated Marketing Communication) - Essay Example This will take place in shopping centres as well as on television and radio. This initial advertising is sure to establish 'Larry' as a brand name for the future. Then when the parents realise what a positive impact the 'Larry the fun Koala' books are having on their child the product is sure to be promoted through word of mouth. According to a UK study, parents today are reading to their children 40% less than they did 10 years ago. With the parent-child activity of reading currently on the decline, successful children's book author, Mem Fox who has sold over more than a million copies of her books worldwide, strongly believes that the simple task of reading to a child at only three times a day, could completely eradicate literacy problems in an entire generation. Research has shown that there are many advantages of being read to as a child. The majority predominant being, that a child who has been read to, will most likely at the age of 21 months have the vocabulary of 500 words. So, the concept of creating a series of books centred on the main character, "Larry the Koala", will be implemented. This idea revolves around the importance of reinstating the value of families spending time with their children more effectively, and also the attempt to break into the competitive market of children's books in U.S.A. 2. Product Description The product that we have been allocated to design the advertising campaign for is a children's book called "Larry the fun koala". The product is meant at young children among the ages of two and five years of age. The character of Larry K. was specially intended so he would be found attractive, especially to children of this age. Larry is a small childlike cartoon koala who is growing up. Entertainment devices for the infant books include; the illustrations being bold with brighter colours, rhyming parts of the book, the incorporation of fingerplays into the book, and of course the book being made of a durable cardboard and vinyl cover so that the infant can take the book wherever they choose. 3. TARGET MARKETS The target market for our product "Larry the fun koala" is young children between the ages of two and five. It is based upon the idea argued by "Hind (2003) that is to create a product that provides an opportunity for development and learning through play." Although it must be taken into consideration that most two to five year olds do not make their own investments and product purchases, they can have a large amount of influence over what it is that their parents choose to buy. An Advertising Agency in U.S.A. 4. Advertising Objectives Firstly, our

Color Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Color - Research Paper Example Color may be quantified and described by the extent to which they stimulate different types of cone cells (Travis, 2003). This is because color perception stems from different spectrum sensitivity of various cone cells in the retina to various parts of the spectrum. The physiological or physical color quantifications do not fully describe the color appearance and its psychophysical perception. The science of color is referred to as chromatography, color science or chromatics (Farndon, 2003). It involves color perception by the brain and human eye. Human perception of color originates from composites of light, photons’ energy spectrum entering the eye. The retina contains photosensitive cells on the back of the eye’s the inner surface. These photosensitive cells are composed of pigments absorbing visible light (Savage, 1998). There are two classes of photosensitive cells: cones and rods. Cones are responsible for human ability to distinguish between various colors (Klein er, 2004). On the other hand, the rods sense light intensity variations and are effective in dim light. Rods sense the flux of no photon energy, the incident photons. Therefore, whenever there is a dim light, human eye do not perceive colored objects as shades of color, but as shades of grey (Travis, 2003). Diagram of color and light Perception of color in the retina is done by photoreceptor cones which are sensitive to photons whose energy widely extend beyond the green, blue, and red spectrum portions (Kleiner, 2004). Color vision is often possible because of the differing photon energy sensitivity of the sets of cones (Savage, 1998). For every flux of photons or color signal, a ration of response in the different sets of cones is triggered. This ration is what permits color perception. During the day, human vision is effectively mostly in the blue-green where the spectrum of the sun is in its maximum region (Travis, 2003). Color sensation primarily depends on light composition, a mixture of colored light and white light (in itself can be wavelength mixture, like purple’s case) (Farndon, 2003). The colored light may have dominant hue or wavelength. The degree to which the wavelength dominates is referred to as chroma, saturation. This saturation, chroma decreases as the white light deletes the wavelength. There are 3 receptors that respond to various wavelengths in the eye. This results in attempts to chart colors via e primary lights mixture. A good number of colors are produces through mixing lights originating from the 3 primary lights. However, not all colors can be produced in this manner (Savage, 1998). Color vision development in human beings is an interesting process of evolution (Kleiner, 2004). The human eye is not in a linear straightforward development. Development of color vision begins as a light sensitive pigment and then differentiates on a smaller creature to create structures that are sensitive to light (Savage, 1998). These light se nsitive structures disperse in the forming eyeball and turns to be the retina. Initially, retina was like a moving sensor. However, it developed the ability to delineate fine details and to see color. The evolution of the eye and color perception is a standard development seen in all vertebrates and many non-vertebrates. So what is color? Why does retina develop ability to see color? (Farndon, 2003). Color is a visual perception that corresponds in human to the categories referred to as blue,

Research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Research proposal - Essay Example The internal environment, is made up the organisations strengths and weakness while the external environment is made up of the organisations opportunities and threats (Dooris, Kelley, & Trainer, 2004). Understanding of these factors is necessary while developing a strategic plan that can contend with the challenges of an organisation proactively. Some of the sources to use while analysing the internal environment is the assessment of the factors affecting the organisation internally. They include physical resources, human resources, processes and activities and the past experiences. Understanding the assets and problems of the organisation, will be useful in developing a strategic plan for an organisation that will maximise on the strengths and the same time work towards minimising the weakness (Helms & Nixon, 2010). For comprehensive coverage of the internal environment of the organisation, there is need to be aware of the perception of other people on the organization. This is important because they may see problems or assets that the organisation can’t see. To establish other people’s point of view apart from that the group that is developing the strategic plan, the team should include data collection from people on their perception. The information will be obtained by conducting focus groups, having listening sessions, conducting surveys and having meetings with people. By so doing, the strategic planning team will have a comprehensive coverage of its internal environment which will eventually lead to a more inclusive and well informed plan th at will maximize on the organisations challenges. While developing a strategic plan, analysis to the factors that an organisation does not have control over, is fundamental since it enable the team to develop a plan this is line with its external environment. The external environment is made up of the opportunities and threats

There are questions I need to answer to them I will write it in Assignment

There are questions I need to answer to them I will write it in assigment criteria - Assignment Example Alternatively, the market structure can be defined as oligopoly in view of the fact that that there are other key players within the market who are â€Å"peer competitors† (James, 2010, p. 211). The key aspects of existing corporate objectives of Toyota Motors, with respect to its marketing plan are (1) Mission Statement, (2) Targets of the Business, and (3) Sustainable Competitive Advantage. The Toyota Motor’s mission statement is termed as a â€Å"Global Vision† (Liker & Meier, 2011, p. 111) on the company’s website. The company aims to lead the way to the potential of mobility, inspiring lives all over the world with the most secure as well as most responsible ways commuting. Through its dedication towards excellence, continuous improvement and admiration for the planet, the company plans to go beyond expectations and â€Å"be rewarded with a smile† (Liker & Meier, 2011, p. 123). ... 51) approach turned out to be immensely popular as consumers no longer considered a locally made Toyota as substandard. Customer confidence can only be gained by a reliable, elegant product, and Toyota recognizes that promoting better-quality human resources is crucial to ascertain consistent quality. Toyota’s mission statement shows that company’s objectives incorporate acquiring clients through provisions of high-valued products as well as services, and the most rewarding experience of ownership. â€Å"This mission is topped only by the company’s vision of being the most successful and respected car company in around the globe† (Lusch et al, 2006, p. 267). With these principles in mind, the marketing plan of the Toyota reveals an evaluated approach of company’s quantitative as well as qualitative objectives, to guarantee alliance with the existing mission and success in accomplishing. As an international business, Toyota sets its objectives based on international sales. The existing corporate objective involves international sales of the Toyota to reach 25 billion. For an automobile manufacturer that previously sells just over 750,000 units in United States, the corporate objectives also includes reinventing the image of Toyota and target a redefined market segment with the intention of creating the additional sales required, by demonstrating the value of Toyota Motors and enhancing the link of consumers with the Toyota family. Marketing Audit Marketing Mix Marketing mix is a vital part of the marketing policies of the Toyota Motors. With the execution of the varied components of the marketing mix, the business has made very successful marketing strategies as well as methods. With the marketing approach, planned on the

Selfridges to Launch Gender Neutral Retail Concept Article

Selfridges to Launch Gender Neutral Retail Concept - Article Example harnessing a trend, but rather tapping into a mind-set and acknowledging and responding to a cultural shift that is happening now’†.1 The fact that the director acknowledges that the project was developed in response to a cultural shift is an indication that it is short-lived. Actually, if we are to observe current global fashion trends, different societies have exhibited diverse preferences in dressing and in exemplifying preferences to adapt fashion trends. Some cultures, especially in developed countries, have long accepted gender neutral retail concept long before the Agender project. In other traditional and conservatist countries, the concept of fashion could still be asserted as maintaining gender-based clothing. Yet, contemporary generations have increasingly accepted openness to try innovative and creative fashion statements, including those that could be considered gender-neutral fashion concepts. From the slideshow that was viewed which presented four (4) different examples of gender-neutral fashion, one affirms that although the concept could revolutionize contemporary styles, more female are accepted to wear clothes with masculine underpinnings; as contrasted to males opting to wear clothes with female-typed styles. Aside from the latter being perceived to look awkward and fairly inappropriate, more males could agree that they would not be caught wearing clothes with feminine trimmings or style. Current societies still exhibit stereotyped beliefs regarding gender-related concepts, including fashion, toys, accessories, and preferences in entertainment, sports, or music endeavors. Overall, the Agender project could just be one of the many innovative and creative fashion showcases that are short-lived. One strongly believes that the fashion statements would not evolve to become the norm. Our contemporary generations, though more open and accepting of equality in various spheres, still strongly believe in gender differences, especially in clothing

Globalization Impact on Public Services in Egypt Research Proposal

Globalization Impact on Public Services in Egypt - Research Proposal Example 5.1.2. The Importance of Globalization for the Civil Society Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter intends to present to the reader a general introduction to the subject of research as well as the related topics of research such as the impact of International Trade Organization rules and regulations on the public service of Egypt as a developing country. 1.1. The Research Problem Globalization is synonymous to international trade liberalization which has become a by-word among importers and exporters in the world of business economics yet there is still a need for categorizing its impact on regional public services especially in Egypt. Specifically, the investigator will be directed to answer the following questions: 1. What is the significant relationship between globalisation and public service 2. What are the rules of the ITO for internationalizing the provision of Public Service 3. What are the effects of internationalizing the main public service such as education, health, and infrastructure projects 4. What are the impacts of globalization on public services of Egypt 1.2. Objectives of the Study In view of the preceding discussions, this study then broadly aims to provide a perspective of the impact of globalization on public services in Egypt. To facilitate the achievement of this objective, this research will attempt to attain the following specific operational objectives: To determine the significant relationship between globalisation and public service. To state the rules of the ITO for internationalizing the provision of Public Service. To investigate the effects of internationalizing the main public service such as education sector, health sector and infrastructure... The data of this study will be collected from the online data series such as http://stats.oecd.org/OECD Stat _Metadata, GATT, WTO and ITO. This will be collected to investigate effect of globalization to the public services (health sector, education, and infrastructure) in Egypt. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade has evolved into what is now World Trade Organization. Practically, the major factor for the realization of globalization is the recently developed WTO. World trade organization broke all the barriers of international trade. It liberalized traffic of goods and services import ad exports. Globalization increased the number of economic sectors, allowing the activities of trans-national entities, and reducing tariffs on merchandize (Landau 2004). It now includes services and intellectual properties. Also it enhanced the strengthening of individual member country's economic policies. The World Trade Organization members who are considered as the vector of globalization failed to draft a new policy as to international trade. But, this has been considered to be a minimal threat to spontaneous bubbles in protectionism which usually results to economic collapse (Deutsch and Speyer 2001). The different sectors of the society's participation in the globalization process would largely be dependent on many factors like profession, nature of trade, whether in terms of services or in goods.

Sales and inventory documentation Essay Example for Free

Sales and inventory documentation Essay Why Inventory Control? Control of inventory, which typically represents 45% to 90% of all expenses for business, is needed to ensure that the business has the right goods on hand to avoid stock-outs, to prevent shrinkage (spoilage/theft), and to provide proper accounting. Many businesses have too much of their limited resource, capital, tied up in their major asset, inventory. Worse, they may have their capital tied up in the wrong kind of inventory. Inventory may be old, worn out, shopworn, obsolete, or the wrong sizes or colors, or there may be an imbalance among different product lines that reduces the customer appeal of the total operation. Inventory control systems range from eyeball systems to reserve stock systems to perpetual computer-run systems. Valuation of inventory is normally stated at original cost, market value, or current replacement costs, whichever is lowest. This practice is used because it minimizes the possibility of overstating assets. Inventory valuation and appropriate accounting practices are worth a book alone and so are not dealt with here in depth. The ideal inventory and proper merchandise turnover will vary from one market to another. Average industry figures serve as a guide for comparison. Too large an inventory may not be justified because the turnover does not warrant investment. On the other hand, because products are not available to meet demand, too small an inventory may minimize sales and profits as customers go somewhere else to buy what they want where it is immediately available. Minimum inventories based on reordering time need to become important aspects of buying activity. Carrying costs, material purchases, and storage costs are all expensive. However, stockouts are expensive also. All of those costs can be minimized by efficient inventory policies. Inventory Control Inventory control involves the procurement, care and disposition of materials. There are three kinds of inventory that are of concern to managers: †¢ †¢ Raw materials, In-process or semi-finished goods, †¢ Finished goods. If a manager effectively controls these three types of inventory, capital can be released that may be tied up in unnecessary inventory, production control can be improved and can protect against obsolescence, deterioration and/or theft, Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 1 of 8 The reasons for inventory control are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Helps balance the stock as to value, size, color, style, and price line in proportion to demand or sales trends. Help plan the winners as well as move slow sellers Helps secure the best rate of stock turnover for each item. Helps reduce expenses and markdowns. Helps maintain a business reputation for always having new, fresh merchandise in wanted sizes and colors. Three major approaches can be used for inventory control in any type and size of operation. The actual system selected will depend upon the type of operation, the amount of goods. The Eyeball System This is the standard inventory control system for the vast majority of small retail and many small manufacturing operations and is very simple in application. The key manager stands in the middle of the store or manufacturing area and looks around. If he or she happens to notice that some items are out of stock, they are reordered. In retailing, the difficulty with the eyeball system is that a particularly good item may be out of stock for sometime before anyone notices. Throughout the time it is out of stock, sales are being lost on it. Similarly, in a small manufacturing operation, low stocks of some particularly critical item may not be noticed until there are none left. Then production suffers until the supply of that part can be replenished. Such unsystematic but simple retailers and manufacturers to their inherent disadvantage. Reserve Stock (or Brown Bag) System This approach is much more systematic than the eyeball system. It involves keeping a reserve stock of items aside, often literally in a brown bag placed at the rear of the stock bin or storage area. When the last unit of open inventory is used, the brown bag of reserve stock is opened and the new supplies it contains are placed in the bin as open stock. At this time, a reorder is immediately placed. If the reserve stock quantity has been calculated properly, the new shipment should arrive just as the last of the reserve stock is being used. In order to calculate the proper reserve stock quantity, it is necessary to know the rate of product usage and the order cycle delivery time. Thus, if the rate of product units sold is 100 units per week and the order cycle delivery time is two weeks, the appropriate reserve stock would consist of 200 units (I00u x 2w). This is fine as long as the two-week cycle holds. If the order cycle is extended, the reserve stock quantities must be increased. When the new order arrives, the reserve stock amount is packaged again and placed at the rear of the storage area. This is a very simple system to operate and one that is highly effective for virtually any type of organization. The variations on the reserve stock system merely involve the management of the reserve stock itself. Larger  items may remain in inventory but be cordoned off in some way to indicate that it is the reserve stock and should trigger a reorder. Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 2 of 8 Perpetual Inventory Systems Various types of perpetual inventory systems include manual, card-oriented, and computer- operated systems. In computer-operated systems, a programmed instruction referred to commonly as a trigger, automatically transmits an order to the appropriate vendor once supplies fall below a prescribed level. The purpose of each of the three types of perpetual inventory approaches is to tally either the unit use or the dollar use (or both) of different items and product lines. This information will serve to help avoid stock-outs and to maintain a constant evaluation of the sales of different product lines to see where the emphasis should be placed for both selling and buying. Stock Control A stock control system should keep you aware of the quantity of each kind of merchandise on hand. An effective system will provide you with a guide for what, when, and how much to buy of each style, color, size, price and brand. It will reduce the number of lost sales resulting from being out of stock of merchandise in popular demand. The system will also locate slow selling articles and help indicate changes in customer preferences. The size of your establishment and the number of people employed are determining factors in devising an effective stock control plan. Can you keep control by observation? Should you use on-hand/onorder/sold records? Detachable ticket stubs? Checklists? And/or physical inventory? If so, how often? With the observation method (the eyeball system), unless the people using it have an unusually sharp sense of quantity and sales patterns, it is difficult to keep a satisfactory check on merchandise depletion. It means that you record shortages of goods or reorders as the need for them occurs to you. Without a better checking system, orders may only be placed at the  time of the salesmans regular visit, regardless of when they are actually needed. Although it may be the simplest system, it also can often result in lost sales or production delays. Detachable stubs or tickets placed on merchandise provide a good means of control. The stubs, containing information identifying the articles, are removed at the time the items are sold. The accumulated stubs are then posted regularly to the perpetual inventory system by hand or through the use of an optical scanner. A checklist, often provided by wholesalers, is another counting tool. The checklist provides space to record the items carried, the selling price, cost price, and minimum quantities to be ordered of each. It also contains a column in which to note whether the stock on hand is sufficient and when to reorder. This is another very simple device that provides the level of information required to make knowledgeable decisions about effective inventory management. Most smaller operations today, except for the very smallest, are using some form of a perpetual online system to record the movement of inventories into and out of their facilities. In a retail operation, the clerk at the register merely scans the ticket with a reader, and the system shows the current price and removes the item from the inventory control system. A similar process occurs in a manufacturing operation, except that the sale is actually a transfer of the inventory from control to production. This is a particularly critical system in a large operation such as a grocery store where they regularly maintain 12,000 plus items. Often a vendor will provide on-site or computerized assistance needed to help their smaller customers maintain a good understanding of their own inventory levels and so keep them in balance Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 3 of 8 Inventory Control Records Inventory control records are essential to making buy-and-sell decisions. Some companies control their stock by taking physical inventories at regular intervals, monthly or quarterly. Others use a dollar inventory record that  gives a rough idea of what the inventory may be from day to day in terms of dollars. If your stock is made up of thousands of items, as it is for a convenience type store, dollar control may be more practical than physical control. However, even with this method, an inventory count must be taken periodically to verify the levels of inventory by item. Perpetual inventory control records are most practical for big-ticket items. With such items it is quite suitable to hand count the starting inventory, maintain a card for each item or group of items, and reduce the item count each time a unit is sold or transferred out of inventory. Periodic physical counts are taken to verify the accuracy of the inventory card. Out-of-stock sheets, sometimes called want sheets, notify the buyer that it is time to reorder an item. Experience with the rate of turnover of an item will help indicate the level of inventory at which the unit should be reordered to make sure that the new merchandise arrives before the stock is totally exhausted. Open-to-buy records help to prevent ordering more than is needed to meet demand or to stay within a budget. These records adjust your order rate to the sales rate. They provide a running account of the dollar amount that may be bought without departing significantly from the pre- established inventory levels. An open-to-buy record is related to the inventory budget. It is the difference between what has been budgeted and what has been spent. Each time a sale is made, open-to-buy is increased (inventory is reduced). Each time merchandise is purchased; open-to-buy is reduced (inventory is increased). The net effect is to help maintain a balance among product lies within the business, and to keep the business from getting overloaded in one particular area. Purchase order files keep track of what has been ordered and the status or expected receipt date of materials. It is convenient to maintain these files by using a copy of each purchase order that is written. Notations can be added or merchandise needs updated directly on the copy of the purchase order with respect to changes in price or delivery dates. Supplier files are valuable references on suppliers and can be very helpful in negotiating  price, delivery and terms. Extra copies of purchase orders can be used to create these files, organized alphabetically by supplier, and can provide a fast way to determine how much business is done with each vendor. Purchase order copies also serve to document ordering habits and procedures and so may be used to help reveal and/or resolve future potential problems. Returned goods files provide a continuous record of merchandise that has been returned to suppliers. They should indicate amounts, dates and reasons for the returns. This information is useful in controlling debits, credits and quality Issues. Price books, maintained in alphabetical order according to supplier, provide a record of purchase prices, selling prices, markdowns, and markups. It is important to keep this record completely up to date in order to be able to access the latest price and profit information on materials purchased for resale. Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 4 of 8 Controlling Inventory Controlling inventory does not have to be an onerous or complex proposition. It is a process and thoughtful inventory management. There are no hard and fast rules to abide by, but some extremely useful guidelines to help your thinking about the subject. A five step process has been designed that will help any business bring this potential problem under control to think systematically thorough the process and allow the business to make the most efficient use possible of the resources represented. The final decisions, of course, must be the result of good judgment, and not the product of a mechanical set of formulas. STEP 1: Inventory Planning Inventory control requires inventory planning. Inventory refers to more than the goods on hand in the retail operation, service business, or manufacturing facility. It also represents goods that must be in transit for  arrival after the goods in the store or plant are sold or used. An ideal inventory control system would arrange for the arrival of new goods at the same moment the last item has been sold or used. The economic order quantity, or base orders, depends upon the amount of cash (or credit) available to invest in inventories, the number of units that qualify for a quantity discount from the manufacturer, and the amount of time goods spend in shipment. STEP 2: Establish order cycles If demand can be predicted for the product or if demand can be measured on a regular basis, regular ordering quantities can be setup that take into consideration the most economic relationships among the costs of preparing an order, the aggregate shipping costs, and the economic order cost. When demand is regular, it is possible to program regular ordering levels so that stock-outs will be avoided and costs will be minimized. If it is known that every so many weeks or months a certain quantity of goods will be sold at a steady pace, then replacements should be scheduled to arrive with equal regularity. Time should be spent developing a system tailored to the needs of each business. It is useful to focus on items whose costs justify such control, recognizing that in some cases control efforts may cost more the items worth. At the same time, it is also necessary to include low return items that are critical to the overall sales effort. If the business experiences seasonal cycles, it is important to recognize the demands that will be placed on suppliers as well as other sellers.  A given firm must recognize that if it begins to run out of product in the middle of a busy season, other sellers are also beginning to run out and are looking for more goods. The problem is compounded in that the producer may have already switched over to next season’s production and so is not interested in (or probably even capable of) filling any further orders for the current selling season. Production resources are likely to already be allocated to filling orders for the next selling season. Changes in this momentum would be extremely costly for both the supplier and the customer. On the other hand, because suppliers have problems with inventory control, just as sellers do, they may be interested in making deals to induce customers to purchase inventories offseason, usually at substantial savings. They want to shift the carrying costs of purchase and storage from the seller to the buyer. Thus, there are seasonal implications to inventory control as Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 5 of 8 well, both positive and negative. The point is that these seasonable implications must be built into the planning process in order to support an effective inventory management system. STEP 3: Balance Inventory Levels Efficient or inefficient management of merchandise inventory by a firm is a major factor between healthy profits and operating at a loss. There are both market-related and budget-related issues that must be dealt with in terms of coming up with an ideal inventory balance: †¢ †¢ †¢ Is the inventory correct for the market being served? Does the inventory have the proper turnover? What is the ideal inventory for a typical retailer or wholesaler in this business? To answer the last question first, the ideal inventory is the inventory that does not lose profitable sales and can still justify the investment in each part of its whole. An inventory that is not compatible with the firm’s market will lose profitable sales. Customers who cannot find the items they desire in one store or from one supplier are forced to go to a competitor. Customer will be especially irritated if the item out of stock is one they would normally expect to find from such a supplier. Repeated experiences of this type will motivate customers to become regular customers of competitors. STEP 4: Review Stocks Items sitting on the shelf as obsolete inventory are simply dead capital. Keeping inventory up to date and devoid of obsolete merchandise is another critical aspect of good inventory control. This is particularly important with style merchandise, but it is important with any merchandise that is turning at a lower rate than the average stock turns for that particular business. One of the important principles newer sellers frequently find difficult is the need to mark down merchandise that is not moving well. Markups are usually highest when a new style first comes out. As the style fades, efficient sellers gradually begin to mark it down to avoid being stuck with large inventories, thus keeping inventory capital working. They will begin to mark down their inventory, take less gross margin, and return the funds to working capital rather than have their investment stand on the shelves as obsolete merchandise. Markdowns are an important part of the working capital cycle. Even though the margins on markdown sales are lower, turning these items into cash allows you to purchase other, more current goods, where you can make the margin you desire. Keeping an inventory fresh and up to date requires constant attention by any organization, large or small. Style merchandise should be disposed of before the style fades. Fad merchandise must have its inventory levels kept in line with the passing fancy. Obsolete merchandise usually must be sold at less than normal markup or even as loss leaders where it is priced more competitively. Loss leader pricing strategies can also serve to attract more consumer traffic for the business thus creating opportunities to sell other merchandise as well as well as the obsolete items. Technologically obsolete merchandise should normally be removed from inventory at any cost. Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 6 of 8 Stock turnover is really the way businesses make money. It is not so much  the profit per unit of sale that makes money for the business, but sales on a regular basis over time that eventually results in profitability. The stock turnover rate is the rate at which the average inventory is replaced or turned over, throughout a pre-defined standard operating period, typically one year. It is generally seen as the multiple that sales represent of the average inventory for a given period of time. Turnover averages are available for virtually any industry or business maintaining inventories and having sales. These figures act as an efficient and effective benchmark with which to compare the business in question, in order to determine its effectiveness relative to its capital investment. Too frequent inventory turns can be as great a potential problem as too few. Too frequent inventory turns may indicate the business is trying to overwork a limited capital base, and may carry with it the attendant costs of stock-outs and unhappy and lost customers. Stock turns or turnover, is the number of times the average inventory of a given product is sold annually. It is an important concept because it helps to determine what the inventory level should be to achieve or support the sales levels predicted or desired. Inventory turnover is computed by dividing the volume of goods sold by the average inventory. Stock turns or inventory turnover can be calculated by the following equations: Stock Turn = Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory at Cost Stock Turn = Sales Average Inventory at Sales Value If the inventory is recorded at cost, stock turn equals cost of goods sold divided by the average inventory. If the inventory is recorded at sales value, stock turn is equal to sales divided by average inventory. Stock turns four times a year on the average for many businesses. Jewelry stores are slow, with two turns a year, and grocery stores may go up to 45 turns a year. If the dollar value of a particular inventory compares favorably with  the industry average, but the turnover of the inventory is less than the industry average, a further analysis of that inventory is needed. Is it too heavy in some areas? Are there reasons that suggest more inventories are needed in certain categories? Are there conditions peculiar to that particular firm? The point is that all markets are not uniform and circumstances may be found that will justify a variation from average figures. Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 7 of 8 In the accumulation of comparative data for any particular type of firm, a wide variation will be found for most significant statistical comparisons. Averages are just that, and often most firms in the group are somewhat different from that result. Nevertheless, they serve as very useful guides for the adequacy of industry turnover, and for other ratios as well. The important thing for each firm is to know how the firm compares with the averages and to deter- mine whether deviations from the averages are to its benefit or disadvantage. STEP 5: Follow-up and Control Periodic reviews of the inventory to detect slow-moving or obsolete stock and to identify fast sellers are essential for proper inventory management. Taking regular and periodic inventories must be more than just totaling the costs. Any clerk can do the work of recording an inventory. However, it is the responsibility of key management to study the figures and review the items themselves in order to make correct decisions about the disposal, replacement, or discontinuance of different segments of the inventory base. Just as an airline cannot make money with its airplanes on the ground, a firm cannot earn a profit in the absence of sales of goods. Keeping the inventory attractive to customers is a prime prerequisite for healthy sales. Again, the sellers inventory is usually his largest investment. It will earn profits in direct proportion to the effort and skill applied in its  management. Inventory quantities must be organized and measured carefully. Minimum stocks must be assured to prevent stock-outs or the lack of product. At the same time, they must be balanced against excessive inventory because of carrying costs. In larger retail organizations and in many manufacturing operations, purchasing has evolved as a distinct new and separate phase of management to achieve the dual objective of higher turnover and lower investment. If this type of strategy is to be utilized, however, extremely careful attention and constant review must be built into the management system in order to avoid getting caught short by unexpected changes in the larger business environment. Caution and periodic review of reorder points and quantities are a must. Individual market size of some products can change suddenly and corrections should be made. Source: U.S. Small Business Administration Edited by SCORE 471 Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 8 of 8

An Examination Of The Determinants Of Succes Essay Example for Free

An Examination Of The Determinants Of Succes Essay INTRODUCTION __ POS nowadays is a basic need for business transactions. It helps in such a way that it makes work more progressive and productive.It is important that every company to have a POS because it helps a lot in many ways such as organizing, storing, computing, and manipulating data. Having a computer programs may help a lot because almost all the companies nowadays uses computer literate and very competitive in many aspects. ___ Point of Sale is a program where a retail transaction is completed. It is a point at which a customer makes a payment to the merchant in exchange for foods beverages. ___ uses Point of Sale System of facilitating every transactions made and to keep all records. THE MANAGEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE IN A CORPORATE ENVIRONMENT: AN EXAMINATION OF THE DETERMINANTS OF SUCCESS Scott A. Burger May 2003 Economics Abstract As the focus on human capital and information technology intensifies within firms, an understanding of how to harness these two trends is increasingly important. This study examines how competitive advantage and higher firm performance depend on the presence of five moderating factors, not dollars spent on information technology. These moderating factors, identified in previous research, are: 1) Information Procurement and Dissemination, 2) Absorptive Capacity, 3) Cross-Functional Communication, 4) Culture and 5) Organization Assessment and Information Technology Strategy Review. Using a two-firm case study methodology, I analyze the presence or absence of these moderating factors in knowledge initiatives at Sun Microsystems and Lockheed Martin Corporation. The empirical evidence gathered from these cases supports the argument that the presence of moderating factors is critical for successful knowledge management implementation. KEYWORDS: (Knowledge Management, Information Technology, Moderating Factors Sun Microsystems, Lockheed Martin Corporation, Case Study, Qualitative Research)

The Widening Scope Of Information Systems Information Technology Essay

The Widening Scope Of Information Systems Information Technology Essay In this literature review work has been carried out in my chosen field by concerning different books, electronic journals and other web resources to conduct this literature review. Introduction to Information Technology The term information technology is widely used to describe an industry; in reality by information technology I mean the use of different hardware and software for protecting, assembling, utilizing and controlling information. The use of computers and different software for information management is also refers as MIS, management information system or just information system in different companies. Large companys MIS are responsible to carry out following activities:- Storing information Protecting information Processing the information Transmitting the information as necessary Retrieving information as necessary To accomplish its complex task Information technology department is required to utilize computers, computers, servers, database management systems, and cryptography. The modern IT department would be comprised of several System Administrators, Database Administrators and at least one Information Technology Manager. Normally the whole team is suppose to report to the Chief Information Officer (CIO). Source : MSc Information Systems Computing. Latest Theory Meets Latest Technology. www.Brunel.ac.uk/IS The widening scope of information systems According to Lauden Laudon,( 2004) The widening scope of information system is the new relationship between organization and information system, there is a growing interdependence between business strategy, rules and procedures, on one hand and information system software, hardware, database and telecommunications on another. A change in any of these components often requires change in other component. These relationships become critical when management plan for future. What a business would like to do five years often depends on what its systems will be able to do. Increasing market share becoming high-quality or low -cost procedure, developing new procedures and increasing employee productivity depends more on the kinds and quality of information systems in the organization. A second change in relationship between information system and organization results from the growing reach and scope of system projects and application. Building and managing system today involves a much larger part of the organization than it did in the past .as the firm become more like digital firms the system enterprise extends to customer, vendors and even industry competitors. where early systems produced largely technical changes that effected only a few people in the firm .contemporary systems have been bringing about managerial changes (who has what information about whom when, and how often)and institutional core changes (what product and services are produces ,under what conditions ,and by whom)as companies move towards digital firm organization ,nearly all the firms managers and employees as Ill as customers and vendors-participates in a variety of firm systems tied together by a digital information web. for instance ,what a customer does on a firms web site can trigger a n employee to make an on the spot pricing decision or alert a firms suppliers of potential stock out situations. Approaches of Technology Lauden Laudon,( 2004) has presented two approaches to describe IT systems ;- Technological approach: the technological approach to information system emphasizes mathematically, based models to study information system, as Ill as the physical technology and formal capabilities of these systems. The disciplines that contribute to the technical approach are computer science, management science and operations research. Computer science is concerned with establishing theories of computability, methods of efficient data storage and access .management science emphasizes the development of models for decisions making and management practice. Operations research focuses .on mathematical techniques for optimizing selected parameters of organization such as transportation, inventory control and transaction cost. Behavioral approach: an important part of the information systems field is concerned with behavioral issues that arise in the development and long term maintains of information systems. Issues such as strategic business integration, design, implementation, utilization and management cannot be explored usefully with the method used in the technical approach .other behavioral disciplines contribute important concepts and method. I-E sociologist study information system with eye towards how groups and organization shape the development of system and also how system affects the individuals groups and organizations. Psychological study information systems with an interest in how humans decision maker perceive and use formal information. Economist study information system with an interest I what impact system have on control and cost structures within the firm and within markets. (Lauden Laudon) The behavioral approach does not ignore technology .indeed information system technology is often the stimulus for a behavioral problem or issue .but the focus of this approach is generally not on technical solution .instead in concentrates on change in attitude ,management and organization policy and behavior . IT Production Global market Information technology is software producing sector, hence it possess greater potential for brightening up the economy of any country. It is evident fact that IT has a unique cost structure, I all are aware of the fact that producing information is an expensive act but reproducing information in extremely inexpensive. This leads towards attaining extraordinary economies of scale and increasing returns to investment. Tremendous export opportunity exists in world global market for this labor intensive industrys products. This industry has rapidly found a place in global market and progressively increasing its share. From 1997 the information technology has expanded its market has significantly. International penetration of software exports is expected to increase by 200 percent over the coming few years. Offshore tailored applications and packaged applications to the United States and Europe will be influential factors that supported and lead this growth, USs market place possess more than half of the consulting chances. Due to soft nature of domestic markets, several IT firms seek to get place in international market. Presently in the Middle East, most IT spending goes to Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (about 60-70%). Somewhere between $ 100-200 million is also spent by GCC countries alone a year on ERP. Moreover, Customer Relationship Management (CRM) solutions have become an important and critical success factor in this business CRM applications are expected to witness a sharp rise in the next few years, especially among banking, telecomm, and utilities sectors (American Chamber 2000). There exist a large room for capitalist and opportunist to take considerable advantage of current situation. It is also counted among very important industries in the Indian economy. The IT industry of India has registered huge growth in recent years. Indias IT industry grew from 150 million US Dollars in 1990-1991 to a whopping 50 billion UD Dollars in 2006-2007. In the last ten years the Information Technology industry in India has grown at an average annual rate of 30%. Source : Nagla Rizk , 2001, Information Technology and Growth publication of The American University in Cairo: web source: http://www.luc.edu/orgs/meea/volume4/RizkRevised.htm)

Essays --

Musye Gebrezgiy World History Professor Minkin Things Fall Apart How is colonialism a theme throughout the novel? How does this novel address a Eurocentric understanding of African history? Things Fall Apart is about the tragic fall of Okonkwo our main character and the Igbo culture. Okonkwo is a respected leader within the Igbo community of Umunfia in eastern Nigeria. He first gets respect within the village by defeating Amalinze the Cat in a wrestling contest. Okonkwo is determined to become a powerful and wealthy man unlike his father who was weak. Within the community, Unoka was considered a failure and a laughingstock he was looked upon as a woman who had no property to call his own. He eventually died a shameful death and left numerous debts. Okonkwo despises and resents his father gentle ways he decides to overcome the shame that he feels for his father’s weakness by becoming what he considers to be â€Å"manly†. He dominates his wives and children by being insensitive and controlling. Over the years, Okonkwo becomes an extremely volatile man. For example beating his youngest wife Ojiugo for accidently forgetting to prepare the afternoon meal for his family. Things begin to fall apart soon with the arrival of Christian missionaries who spread their religion and culture throughout the land and. Colonialism is a theme that’s constantly addressed throughout the book and is to blame for the fall of the Igbo culture and Okonkwo. The first signs of colonization come to Abame when the first white man appears. The village at first didn’t know what to expect from him. The elders of the village consulted the Oracle and soon came to the decision to kill the man because they f... ... people and obedience to the tribal leaders and their gods. The missionaries who subjugated unfortunately stripped this for the Igbo people. Eurocentric perspective was a widely held belief among Europeans that Africa was wild, exotic, and natives were uneducated had no principle. This was more than enough for the Europeans to establish their culture into Africa because it was more superior to that of African culture. Achebe does a great job in proving this idea wrong. He takes us into a new world shows us that even though the natives had a different view of the world they were still no different than that of the Europeans who just like the whites showed compassion, hate, have faith in a god(s) and unite as one for the better. He was a man on a mission dedicated to spreading knowledge of Africa’s contributions to history and unifying the continent and its people.

Major Features of the Vedic Religion :: Papers

Major Features of the Vedic Religion The Vedic Religion is based on the teachings of the Vedas, which signifies the way of living a sin free life. The Vedas are the teachings of the religion Hinduism. There are different types of Vedas, each signifying different facts and opinions about the religion. The main text of the Vedic religion is the Rig Veda. The Rig Veda itself contains some 1,028 hymns of praise to a predominantly male group of deities who seem to personify various powers of nature such as fire, sky and rain. The fact that the hymns demonstrated a strong relationship with the presence of nature illustrates the Aryan feeling towards nature. The Rig Veda mainly concentrates on symbolism rather than mythology. Although the hymns are based on symbolism, it is sometimes possible to gather various mythical themes. Another aspect that is mentioned in the Vedas is the 'panch mahabhutas'. These are the five constituents which makeup life on this planet, they are: * Aakash (sky), * Vayu (air), * Agni (fire), * Jal (Water), * Prithvi (earth). Although the Vedas are very much alike except in their content of hymns, they all have the same principle, all Hindus should lead a sin free life. Within the Vedic religion, Hindus believe in many gods and goddesses. Some of them are human (e.g. Krishna, Rama , some animals (e.g. fish, monkey, rat, snake), (some animal-humans as in the case of Ganesh who has the head of elephant with trunk and the body of a human), and some others are natural phenomena (e.g. dawn, fire, sun). Their number is generally believed to be 330 million. According to Hindu belief, god incarnates and for example takes the form of human being and other animals and appears in this earth in that form. Gods and goddesses were born like human beings and had wives and children. No god possesses absolute power; some of the gods are weaker than each

Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) Definition Essay

E-mail All messages composed, sent, received, or stored on the e-mail system are and remain the property of the company. They are not the private property of the employee. Personal e-mail accounts are not to be used on the company’s computer system. The e-mail system is not to be used to send offensive, sexually suggestive, obscene, lewd, demeaning, or disruptive messages. This includes, but is not limited to, messages that are inconsistent with the company’s policies on equal employment opportunity, anti-discrimination, and anti-harassment (including sexual harassment). Moreover, the e-mail system is not to be used to solicit or proselytize for commercial ventures, religious or political causes, or other non job-related solicitations. The Company reserves and intends to exercise the right to review, audit, intercept, access, disclose, and use all messages created, received, or sent over its e-mail system for any purpose. The contents of e-mail may be disclosed and used by the company to protect its rights and/or property without the permission of the employee, in the company’s discretion. The confidentiality of any message should not be assumed. Even when a message is erased, it is still possible to retrieve and read that message. Further, passwords for security do not guarantee confidentiality. All passwords must be disclosed to the company or they are invalid and cannot be used. Employees not involved in maintenance or operation of the company’s e-mail system are not authorized to retrieve or read any e-mail not sent to them. Any exception to this policy requires the approval by senior management of the company. Internet The company’s computer network, including its connection to the Internet, is to be used for business-related purposes. Any unauthorized use of the Internet is strictly prohibited. Unauthorized use includes, but is not limited to, connecting, posting, or downloading pornographic material; engaging in computer â€Å"hacking† and other related activities; attempting to disable or compromise the security of information contained on the company’s computers; or otherwise using the company’s computers in a manner which interferes with their business purpose. Employees should not send highly confidential information through the Internet without encryption. Anything  sent through the Internet passes through a number of different computer systems, all with different levels of security. The confidentiality of messages may be compromised at any point along the way. Because postings placed on the Internet may display the company’s address, make certain before posting information on the Internet that the information reflects the standards and policies of the company. Under no circumstances should information of a confidential, sensitive, or otherwise proprietary nature be placed on the Internet. Information posted or viewed on the Internet may constitute published material. Therefore, reproduction of information posted or otherwise available over the Internet may be done only by express permission of the author. Offensive, sexually suggestive, obscene, lewd, demeaning, or disruptive messages are prohibited. This includes, but is not limited to, messages that are inconsistent with the company’s policies on equal employment opportunity, anti-discrimination, and anti-harassment (including sexual harassment). Use of the company’s e-mail/Internet system from a personal or company-owned computer through company-owned connections are subject to the same policies that apply to use from within company facilities. computers Due to the sensitive nature of computers and the software contained therein, all employees provided with computers may not download, install, alter, or delete any software, programs, and information (i.e., e-mails, spread sheets, databases, Microsoft Word, or other word processing documents) contained on company computers without the express authorization of the company. The company reserves the right to inspect or review its computers and the information contained therein at any time without notice or consent. Any employee who violates the company’s e-mail/Internet/computer usage policy shall be subject to discipline, up to and including employment termination. Reference â€Å"Internet Acceptable Usage Policy Guidelines .† OSA. http://www.osa.state.ms.us/downloads/iupg.pdf (accessed April 17, 2014). â€Å"Table of Contents.† 9781449692438.

My Life Experience

When becoming a leader or a manager, it does make a different when it comes into play. I have found that it is very important that personal value plays a role in every leader’s success. For any leader or manager, he/she should apply these personal values and share this information within the organizations that they work for and as well as for the employees that are working for them. By taking the Ethic Awareness Inventory Assessment to see how well I do to realize my own ethical standpoint and compare the result with the inventory analysis. To my surprise, I scored high in the obligation and the results profiles. It stated real clearly that ethical decision-making involves three components awareness, articulation, and application (Ethics Awareness Inventory, 2006). Upon the evaluation of this test, it stated that an individual with equal high scores in both of these areas can be experiencing some internal conflict with the leader’s own feelings of moral obligations to employees, although the leader was attempting to accomplish specific results for a any group or organization (Ethics Awareness Inventory, 2006). After learning more about this assessment and its results, I can see how this is appropriate assessment for me. When I used to work, I always gave it my best all because I had a group of students (mental retarded) depending on me. I made sure I was not only right, however I would be there to assist them who needed it. After reviewing the strategic plan that Kudler Fine Foods has developed for a while, I can tell that they do believe in working hard, increasing customer service, a mixed diverse group of employees, and personal relations with different communities in the area. In order for a business to be successful, these are important what they do. I believe that my personal value assessment result would fit right in with becoming a manager at Kudler Fine Foods, and would assist in making the business become so successful by having the right planning in place. Ethics is an important essential fact within the technical world. It offers some valuable information regardless to ethical point of view which identify my values and the values of Kudler Fine foods and how it would affect my role as a manager if I had worked at Kudler Fine Foods. What my understanding is that ethics plays a part that involves employees’ feelings, thoughts and the benefits. I would try to do my best and achieve the most positive outcome in any given situation. â€Å"The Williams Instuition Ethic Awareness Inventory explained differert ethical beliefs in their study. It is based on charater, obligation, equity and result. In this inventory, my personal opinion is closer to result than equity. Based on its report, I am more focused on the result and the consquesences of my actions, but honestly I do believe that conduct is a way to promoting excellent for many employees. The Williams Institute for Ethics and Management had stated that: You believe that we each have a moral right to experience the â€Å"good life. One way to measure how good life really is would be to determine how satisfied the majority of the people in our society seem to be. If most people are unhappy, something is morally wrong and needs to be fixed. Therefore, your approach to ethics is likely to focus on what could be done to improve the well being of the greatest numbers of persons. † (The Williams Instuitie for Ethics and Management, 2008) I am so extremely exciting to realie my own ethical because values and ethics combined are the most important characteristic of a person. They both basically define who we are and what we believe in. There is a list of factors that determine both our value and ethics. I will name a few and they are: Religion, and culture and other factors that affect our beliefs. It is definitely a fact that value and ethics can bump heads with many people from different background who have a different point of view and beliefs whether it is right or wrong. It doesn’t means that it is not a good foundation to practicing good ethics and morals. How we can develop values and ethics, begins from the time we are born into this world and it all begins with the people who play a major influences in our daily life. Parents, siblings, best friends, teachers and mentors are a huge part of our lives as we are growing up . They all played an important part influenicing our thoughts and beliefs. We develop all kind of values and ethics through past experiences whether it is right or what is wrong. Values and ethics are one of the most important characteristic of person. They basically define who we are and what we believe. There are many factors that determine our values and ethics. Religion and culture play a part in our lives and there are many other factors that affect our beliefs. Many times are values and ethics can clash with different people who hold different views and beliefs. This doesn't mean our values or ethics are wrong it just means we think differently than others. Most people have a good sense of ethics and values. Knowing between right and wrong is a good foundation to practicing good ethics and morals. As we develop many values and ethics through past experiences, it can be either a positive and/or negative experience. It depends how we use our thoughts and beliefs when making decisions and judgements. Culture has a biggest influence in both of our values and ethics. Many countries have different beliefs and thoughts of what is or not socially accepted. They have been around for years and their thoughts and beliefs could be just as old if we go way back in history. My personal values experience is very strong and I feel that I developed values and ethics as a young girl. My mother and my grandmother taught me what is right and what is wrong, so that I would not get punished. I remember doing something wrong by telling a lie, but I ended up getting punished anyway. I am so glad that I was raised by two most important intelligent women who had strong morals and high standards. These were very important to learn because they did not like for me to keep lying, stealing or cheating to get punished and have bad luck. When you do wrong, you will be accountable for your actions if you did these things. So that is why they taught and expected me to be honest show respect to others and treat them the way you wanted to be treated. I mean I love this golden rule. That one thing that I live by is live life like a golden. Learning and comparing the results from the Williams institute for Ethics Awareness Inventory along with Kudler Fine Foods as a make-believe manager, does make me want to do a better job at planning a appropriate strategic plan for the team and organization to become a successful business. It is all about having a good foundation block throughtout the oraganiation and exchange ideas and views by communicating and working together as a team.

Malacca Essay

The Tourism Society of England was define the Tourism as that is is a temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places which they work and do their activities during their stay at each destination, it includes movement for all purposes. Tourism is a major income of Malaysia, so every year, the government will organize a strategy for the particular destination, and there have some them of project for the promoting the destination like â€Å"Cuti-Cuti Malaysia†. In Malaysia, the Ministry of Tourism is put a lot of effort to do the developing for all the destinations and the government also allocate a big sum budget to supporting the development of tourism. The attraction of Malaysia’s tourism is the culture and its mystery natural places due to it have a lot of natural rain forest and it is a multiracial society. (Please refer to Appendix A) Malacca is a historical city and it is worth to the tourist for visiting its interesting history and architecture. In Malaysia, Malacca is the only one historical state which listed on UNESCO (United National Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) since 7th July 2008. Malacca is located at southern region of Malay Peninsula; it is the third smallest state in Malaysia, after Perlis and Penang. It is the most mystery history from all states of Malaysia. It is consider convenient to go Kuala Lumpur or Johor Bahru due to iti is located middle between them, it is just taking around one and half hour to reach them. Malacca can be separated into three parts – Central Malacca, Alor Gajah, and Jasin. It has a lot of history attraction, such as Fort A Famosa, Christ Church, Jonker Walk, Stadhuys, Portuges Settlement and so on. It also got a lot of activities can let tourist enjoy it like Dark Tour, River Cruise, and Water Sport at A Famosa and Wondeland Theme Park which is just opening since June 2010. It is very convenient to the tourist it visit the place due to almost the attractions are nearby and in one place, like Jonker Walk, Christ Church and the shopping malls (Dataran Phalawan and Mahkota Parade)are in one area, so it is convenient to the tourists. And it also easy to the tourists. And it also easy to tourists to find the hotels for their stays , because a lot of hotels are developed in Malacca, such as Equatorial, Holiday Inn, Bayview, Emperor Hotel and so on. The most famous thing of Malacca is its Baba Nyonya culture and foods, a lot of tourist come and visit Malacca because of its traditional Baba Nyonya food. It is not only attracting the foreign tourist, and it also attracts the local tourists who are come from different states.

Apes Miller Ch. 1 Questions

Miller Chapter 1 Reading Questions 1. Three ways that human activities are affecting the environment include our exponential increase in population and our resource consumption, which have degraded the air, water, soil, and species in the natural systems that support our lives and economies. A third way is limiting the access that other species have to resources. 2. The goals of environmental science are to learn how nature works, how the environment affects us, how we affect the environment, and how we can live more sustainably without degrading our life-support system. 3.Environmentalism is a social movement dedicated to protecting the earth’s life-support systems for us and other species, and is political in nature. Sustainability, also known as durability, is the ability of earth’s various systems to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely. 4. The five steps towards sustainability are understanding the components and importance of natural capital, recognizing that human activities degrade natural capital by using resources faster than they can be renewed, looking for workable solutions, making trade-offs or compromises, and recognizing that individuals matter.They must be supported by sound science, or the concepts and ideas that are widely accepted by experts in a particular field of the natural or social sciences. 5. Natural capital is the natural resources and services that keep us and other species alive and support our economies. It changes over millions of years in response to environmental changes such as global warming and cooling and huge asteroids hitting the earth. 6. Economic growth is an increase in the capacity of a country to provide people with goods and services.It’s measured by GDP, the annual market value of all goods and services produced by all firms and organizations, foreign and domestic, operating in a country. It goes up with either a population increase, more production and consumpti on, or both. Changes in this growth are measured by per capita GDP, or the GDP divided by the total population at midyear. Economic development is the improvement of human living standards by economic growth. The United Nations classifies this based on a country’s degree of industrialization and their per capita GDP. 7. Developed countries are highly industrialized and have high average per capita GDP.All other nations are developing countries, whether they are middle-income or low-income. Developing countries tend to have the greatest population increases, as well as the greatest disparities between the rich and the poor as far as income goes. 8. 82% of the world’s population comes from developing countries. 9. 1. 5% of the world’s population growth comes from developing countries, as compared to merely 0. 1% in developed countries. 10. The rule of 70 calculates how long it takes to double the world’s population or economic growth at various exponential rates of growth. The formula is 70/percentage growth rate = doubling time in years. 1. The tragedy of the commons is the degradation of renewable free-access resources. The term was coined in 1968 by biologist Garrett Hardin. Basically, the logic is that â€Å"if I don’t use it, somebody else will anyway†. On a large scale, this only leads to waste and overconsumption. 12. One solution to the tragedy of the commons is to use free-access resources at rates well below their estimated sustainable yields by reducing population, regulating access to resources, or both. Another solution is to convert free-access resources to private ownership, so investments are protected. 3. Privatization doesn’t always work if a private owner values increasing profit over protecting natural resources that they own. It is also impractical for global common resources that cannot be divided up and converted to private property. 14. An ecological footprint is the amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply an area with resources and to absorb the wastes and pollution produced by such resource use. The countries with the largest ecological footprint are the United States, the European Union, China, India, and Japan. 5. To shift towards more sustainable consumption, China and India should lower meat consumption (specifically China), limit population growth (including increased access to birth control), and promote and fund research into sustainable living. The United States, Japan, and the European Union should also promote and fund research into sustainable living, as well as lowering oil consumption by supporting alternative energy and promoting a less consumer-centric lifestyle to their citizens. 16. Point sources of pollutants are single, identifiable sources.An example is a smokestack of a coal-burning industrial plant. Non-point sources are larger, dispersed, and often difficult to identify and therefore much harder and more expensive to control. An example is pesticides sprayed into the air or blown by the wind into the atmosphere. 17. Two basic approaches to dealing with pollution are pollution prevention (input pollution control), which reduces or eliminates the production of pollution, and pollution cleanup (output pollution control), which involves cleaning up or diluting pollutants after they have been produced. 18.Three problems with relying on pollution cleanup are that it is only a temporary bandage as long as population and consumption levels grow without corresponding improvements in pollution control technology, cleanup often removes a pollutant from one part of the environment only to cause pollution in another, and once pollutants have entered and been dispersed into the environment at harmful levels it usually costs too much or is impossible to reduce them to acceptable levels. 19. Five basic causes of environmental problems are population growth, wasteful resource use, poverty, poor environmental acc ounting, and environmental ignorance. 0. Poverty causes environmental problems because the poor often deplete forests, soils, grasslands, and wildlife for short-term survival since they don’t have the luxury of worrying about the long-term environment. They also have the most population growth. 21. Affluenza is the unsustainable addiction to overconsumption and materialism exhibited in the lifestyles of many affluent consumers in developed countries and the rising middle class in certain developing countries. It is based on the assumption that buying more things brings happiness. 22.In the United States, the air is cleaner, most rivers and lakes are cleaner, and drinking water is purer. However, this is because the waste and pollution is transferred to more distant locations. 23. The environmental impact (I) of a population on a given area depends on three key factors: the number of people (P), the average resource use per person or affluence (A), and the beneficial and harmf ul environmental effects of the technologies (T) used to provide and consume each unit of a resource and control or prevent the resulting pollution and environmental degradation. 4. Three major cultural changes have impacted the environment. The agricultural revolution allowed people to settle in villages and raise crops and domesticated animals. The industrial-medical revolution led to a shift towards urban society using fossil fuels to manufacture material items, agriculture, and transportation. It also used science to improve sanitation and understand and control disease. The information-globalization revolution is based on using new technologies for gaining rapid access to much more information on a global scale. 5. To shift to a sustainable economy, we must shift to a renewable energy-based and reuse/recycle economy with a diversified transport system. This requires restructuring the global economy to sustain civilization, a large effort to eradicate poverty, stabilize populati on, and restore hope, as well as a systematic effort to restore natural systems. 26. Your environmental worldview is a set of assumptions and values about how you think the world works and what your role in the world should be.Environmental ethics is concerned with your beliefs about what is right and wrong with how we treat the environment. 27. There are three main types of environmental worldviews. Planetary management worldview holds that nature exists to meet our needs and wants, and that we can use ingenuity and technology to manage the earth’s life-support systems with unlimited economic growth. Stewardship worldview holds that we can manage the earth for our benefit but we have an ethical responsibility to be caring and responsible managers, or stewards, of the earth.Environmental wisdom worldview holds that we are part of and totally dependent on nature and that nature exists for all species. It calls for encouraging earth-sustaining forms of economic growth. 28. Four basic components of Earth’s nature that we can mimic are reliance on solar energy, biodiversity, population control, and nutrient recycling. 29. Current emphasis needs to be shifted to how the individual matters, working together and communicating for social change, and finding trade-off solutions to environmental problems, in order to achieve sustainable emphasis.